Alle afleveringen van 50 Things That Made the Modern Economy – pagina 2 van 3

Gyroscope

8 april 2019 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

When the HMS Victory sank in 1744, with it went an inventor named John Serson and a device he’d dreamed up. He called it the “whirling speculum”, but we now know the basic idea as a gyroscope. Serson thought it could help sailors to navigate when they couldn’t see the horizon. Nowadays gyroscopes are tiny and, as Tim Harford describes, they are used to guide everything from submarines to satellites, from rovers on Mars to the phone in your pocket. They are also integral to drones – a technology that some believe could transform how we do our shopping. But for that, they’ll need to work in all weathers. Lees meer

Image: A gyroscope (Credit: Getty Images)

Bonus 3: Mosquito and surgical needle

8 april 2019 · 15 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Episode 3 of our new podcast: the story of the blood-sucking pest and a pain-free surgical needle. Scientists have been studying the mosquito’s mouthparts. Could the dreaded ‘prick’ of a needle soon be a thing of the past? With Patrick Aryee.
Find it here: www.bbcworldservice.com/30animals
#30Animals Lees meer

Cellophane

1 april 2019 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Plastic food packaging often seems obviously wasteful. But when Jacques Brandenberger invented cellophane, consumers loved it. It helped supermarkets go self-service, and it was so popular Cole Porter put it in a song lyric. Nowadays, people worry that plastic doesn’t get recycled enough but there are two sides to this story. Plastic packaging can protect food from being damaged in transit, and help it stay fresh for longer. Should we care more about plastic waste or food waste? As Tim Harford explains, it isn’t obvious and the issue is complicated enough that our choices at the checkout may accidentally do more harm than good. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editor: Richard Vadon

(Image: Noodles and cellophane, Credit: Getty Images)

Bonus 2: Octopus and camouflage

1 april 2019 · 13 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Episode 2 of our new podcast, 30 Animals That Made Us Smarter. This one is about the eight-limbed master of disguise and surveillance technology. The colour and texture-changing abilities of the octopus are helping researchers with developments in camouflage. Can we make robots do the same thing? With Patrick Aryee. www.bbcworldservice.com/30animals
#30Animals Lees meer

Langstroth Hive

25 maart 2019 · 11 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Humans have valued bees for their honey for thousands of years – and economists have long admired bees for their cooperative work ethic, too. But few of us, whether economists, honey-lovers, or both, have quite appreciated just how much the honey bee has been industrialised – and the simple yet radical invention that made that industrialisation possible. As Tim Harford explains, it is a sign of just how far the modern market economy has penetrated that it now reaches deep into the heart of the beehive. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editor: Richard Vadon

(Image: Bee keeper lifting shelf out of hive, Credit: MIlan Jovic/Getty Images)

Bonus: 30 Animals That Made Us Smarter

25 maart 2019 · 15 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Introducing our new podcast about innovation, technology and the animal kingdom. This is the whole of the first episode about how the kingfisher inspired the design of a train. The 500 series Shinkansen, also known as bullet train, is one of the fastest in the world. It is also quiet, but that was not always the case. This is the tale of Japanese engineer Eiji Nakatsu, the kingfisher, an owl, a penguin and biomimicry. www.bbcworldservice.com/30animals Lees meer

Coming soon: Season two

17 maart 2019 · 1 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Fifty more things are on their way! Including the pencil, blockchain, bicycle, credit ratings and gambling.
Tim Harford will return with season two on 25 March 2019.
#50Things

Index Fund

17 januari 2019 · 10 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Warren Buffett is the world’s most successful investor. In a letter he wrote to his wife, advising her how to invest after he dies, he offers some clear advice: put almost everything into “a very low-cost S&P 500 index fund”. Index funds passively track the market as a whole by buying a little of everything, rather than trying to beat the market with clever stock picks – the kind of clever stock picks that Warren Buffett himself has been making for more than half a century. Index funds now seem completely natural. But as recently as 1976 they didn’t exist. And, as Tim Harford explains, they have become very important indeed – and not only to Mrs Buffett. Lees meer

Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon
Producer: Ben Crighton

(Image: Market graphs, Credit: Shutterstock)

Special Bonus: Santa Claus

17 december 2018 · 10 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Why does Father Christmas wear red and white? It is not for the reason you may think. The story of Christmas and consumerism, with Tim Harford. And we’ll be back with season two of 50 Things in March 2019. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton

Number 51

28 oktober 2017 · 10 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Revealed – the winning 51st Thing! What won the vote to be added to our list of 50? We asked for ideas for an extra “thing” that made the modern economy. We received hundreds of suggestions. Thousands of votes were cast on our shortlist of six. Now we have a winner. Discover what it is and why it is worthy of being Number 51. Lees meer

Presenter: Tim Harford
Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

The Plough

21 oktober 2017 · 10 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The plough was a simple yet transformative technology. It was the plough that kick-started civilisation in the first place – that, ultimately, made our modern economy possible. But the plough did more than create the underpinning of civilisation – with all its benefits and inequities. Different types of plough led to different types of civilisation. Lees meer

Presenter: Tim Harford
Producer: Ben Crighton

(Photo: Farmer ploughing field, Credit: Shutterstock)

Cold Chain

14 oktober 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The global supply chain that keeps perishable goods at controlled temperatures has revolutionised the food industry. It widened our choice of food and improved our nutrition. It enabled the rise of the supermarket. And that, in turn, transformed the labour market: less need for frequent shopping frees up women to work. As low-income countries get wealthier, fridges are among the first things people buy: in China, it took just a decade to get from a quarter of households having fridges to nearly nine in ten. Lees meer

Presenter: Tim Harford
Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Fully loaded shelves, Credit: Shutterstock)

Welfare State

7 oktober 2017 · 10 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The same basic idea links every welfare state: that the ultimate responsibility for ensuring people don’t starve on the street should lie not with family, or charity, or private insurers, but with government. This idea is not without its enemies. It is possible, after all, to mother too much. Every parent instinctively knows that there’s a balance: protect, but don’t mollycoddle; nurture resilience, not dependence. And if overprotective parenting stunts personal growth, might too-generous welfare states stunt economic growth? Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Frances Perkins, Credit: Getty Images)

Property Register

30 september 2017 · 10 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Ensuring property rights for the world's poor could unlock trillions in ‘dead capital’. According to Peruvian economist Hernando de Soto, the value of extralegal property globally exceeds 10 trillion dollars. Nobody has ever disputed that property rights matter for investment: experts point to a direct correlation between a nation’s wealth and having an adequate property rights system. This is because real estate is a form of capital and capital raises economic productivity and thus creates wealth. Mr de Soto's understanding – that title frees up credit, turning ‘dead capital’ into ‘live capital’ – has prompted governments in other countries to undertake large-scale property-titling campaigns. Lees meer

Voting for the 51st Thing has now closed. The winning “thing” will be revealed on Saturday 28 October 2017.

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Hernando de Soto, Credit: Getty Images)

Searching for 51

23 september 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The extra “thing” – what should it be? Shortlist: the credit card, glass, GPS, irrigation, the pencil and the spreadsheet. Voting for the 51st Thing has now closed. The winning “thing” will be revealed on Saturday 28 October 2017. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Montage of pencil, credit card, glass, spreadsheet, GPS, irrigation, Credit: Getty Images/Shutterstock)

Management Consulting

16 september 2017 · 11 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Managers often have a bad reputation. What should we make of the people who tell managers how to manage? That question has often been raised over the years, with a sceptical tone. The management consultancy industry battles a stereotype of charging exhorbitant fees for advice that, on close inspection, turns out to be either meaningless or common sense. Managers who bring in consultants are often accused of being blinded by jargon, implicitly admitting their own incompetence, or seeking someone else to blame for unpopular decisions. Still, it’s lucrative. Globally, consulting firms charge their clients a total of about $125bn. Voting for the 51st Thing has now closed. The winning “thing” will be revealed on Saturday 28 October 2017. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Business team present, Credit: Shutterstock)

Double-entry Bookkeeping

9 september 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Luca Pacioli was a renaissance man – he was a conjuror, a master of chess, a lover of puzzles, a Franciscan Friar, and a professor of mathematics. But today he’s celebrated as the most famous accountant who ever lived, the father of double-entry bookkeeping. Before the Venetian style of bookkeeping caught on, accounts were rather basic. An early medieval merchant was little more than a travelling salesman. He had no need to keep accounts – he could simply check whether his purse was full or empty. But as the commercial enterprises of the Italian city states grew larger, more complex and more dependent on financial instruments such as loans and currency trades, the need for a more careful reckoning became painfully clear. In 1494 Pacioli wrote the definitive book on double-entry bookkeeping. It’s regarded by many as the most influential work in the history of capitalism. And as the industrial revolution unfolded, the ideas that Pacioli had set out came to be viewed as an essential part of business life; the system used across the world today is essentially the one that Pacioli described. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Handwritten accounting ledger, Credit: Suntezza/Shutterstock)

S-Bend

2 september 2017 · 10 min

Beluister deze aflevering

If you live in a city with modern sanitation, it’s hard to imagine daily life being permeated with the suffocating stench of human excrement. For that, we have a number of people to thank – not least a London watchmaker called Alexander Cumming. Cumming’s world-changing invention owed nothing to precision engineering. In 1775, he patented the S-bend. It was a bit of pipe with a curve in it and it became the missing ingredient to create the flushing toilet – and, with it, public sanitation as we know it. Roll-out was slow, but it was a vision of how public sanitation could be – clean, and smell-free – if only government would fund it. More than two centuries later, two and a half billion people still remain without improved sanitation, and improved sanitation itself is a low bar. We still haven’t reliably managed to solve the problem of collective action – of getting those who exercise power or have responsibility to organise themselves. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Vadon and Richard Knight

(Image: S-bend, Credit: ericlefrancais/Shutterstock)

Radar

26 augustus 2017 · 11 min

Beluister deze aflevering

How the high-tech ‘death ray’ led to the invention of radar. The story begins in the 1930s, when British Air Ministry officials were worried about falling behind Nazi Germany in the technological arms race. They correctly predicted that the next war would be dominated by air power. To address the problem, Britain launched a number of projects in hopes of mitigating the threat — including a prize for developing a high-tech ‘death ray’ that could zap a sheep at a hundred paces. But even though the project failed to develop such a weapon, it did result in something potentially far more useful that was able to detect planes and submarines – radar. And it was an invention that was crucial in the development of the commercial aviation industry. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Abstract radar with targets, Credit: Andrey VP/Shutterstock)

Market Research

19 augustus 2017 · 11 min

Beluister deze aflevering

US car makers had it good. As quickly as they could manufacture cars, people bought them. By 1914, that was changing. In higher price brackets, especially, purchasers and dealerships were becoming choosier. One commentator warned that the retailers could no longer sell what their own judgement dictated – they must sell what the consumer wanted. That commentator was Charles Coolidge Parlin, widely recognised as the man who invented the very idea of market research. The invention of market research marks an early step in a broader shift from a “producer-led” to “consumer-led” approach to business – from making something then trying to persuade people to buy it, to trying to find out what people might buy and then making it. One century later, the market research profession is huge: in the United States alone, it employs around half a million people. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Market research, Credit: Bildagentur Zoonar GmbH/Shutterstock)

Plastic

12 augustus 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

A couple of decades after Leo Baekeland invented the first fully synthetic plastic – Bakelite – plastics were pouring out of labs around the world. There was polystyrene, often used for packaging; nylon, popularised by stockings; polyethylene, the stuff of plastic bags. As the Second World War stretched natural resources, production of plastics ramped up to fill the gap. And when the war ended, exciting new products like Tupperware hit the consumer market. These days, plastics are everywhere. We make so much plastic, it takes about eight percent of oil production – half for raw material, half for energy. And despite its image problem, and growing evidence of environmental problems, plastic production is set to double in the next 20 years. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Plastic bottle tops, Credit: Taweesak Thiprod/Shutterstock)

Seller Feedback

5 augustus 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Why should we get into a stranger’s car – or buy a stranger’s laser pointer? In 1997, eBay introduced a feature that helped solve the problem: Seller Feedback. Jim Griffith was eBay’s first customer service representative; at the time, he says “no-one had ever seen anything like [it]”. The idea of both parties rating each other after a transaction has now become ubiquitous. You buy something online – you rate the seller, the seller rates you. Or you use a ride-sharing service, like Uber – you rate the driver, the driver rates you. And a few positive reviews set our mind at ease about a stranger. Jim Griffith is not sure eBay would have grown without it. Online matching platforms would still exist, of course – but perhaps they’d be more like hitch-hiking today: a niche pursuit for the unusually adventurous, not a mainstream activity that’s transforming whole sectors of the economy. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Hand touching stars, Credit: Cherezoff/Shutterstock)

Paper Money

29 juli 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

A young Venetian merchant named Marco Polo wrote a remarkable book chronicling his travels in China around 750 years ago. The Book of the Marvels of the World was full of strange foreign customs Marco claimed to have seen. One, in particular, was so extraordinary, Mr Polo could barely contain himself: “tell it how I might,” he wrote, “you never would be satisfied that I was keeping within truth and reason”. Marco Polo was one of the first Europeans to witness an invention that remains at the very foundation of the modern economy: paper money. Tim Harford tells the gripping story of one of the most successful, and important, innovations of all human history: currency which derives value not from the preciousness of the substance of which it is made, but trust in the government which issues it. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Ancient Russian money, Credit: RomanR/Shutterstock)

Limited Liability Company

22 juli 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Nicholas Murray Butler was one of the great thinkers of his age: philosopher; Nobel Peace Prize-winner; president of Columbia University. When in 1911 Butler was asked to name the most important innovation of the industrial era, his answer was somewhat surprising. “The greatest single discovery of modern times,” he said, “is the limited liability corporation”. Tim Harford explains why Nicholas Murray Butler might well have been right. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: LLC. Credit: Getty Images)

Dynamo

15 juli 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

You might think electricity had an immediate and transformative impact on economic productivity. But you would be wrong. Thirty years after the invention of the useable light bulb, almost all American factories still relied on steam. Factory owners simply couldn’t see the advantage of electric power when their steam systems – in which they had invested a great deal of capital – worked just fine. Simply replacing a steam engine with an electric dynamo did little to improve efficiency. But the thing about a revolutionary technology is that it changes everything. And changing everything takes imagination. Instead of replacing their steam engines with electric dynamos, company bosses needed to re-design the whole factory. Only then would electric power leave steam behind. As Tim Harford explains, the same lag has applied to subsequent technological leaps – including computers. That revolution might be just beginning. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Dynamo AC exciter Siemens, Credit: Igor Golovniov/Shutterstock)

Leaded Petrol

8 juli 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

In the 1920s lead was added to petrol. It made cars more powerful and was, according to its advocates, a “gift”. But lead is a gift which poisons people; something figured out as long ago as Roman times. There’s some evidence that as countries get richer, they tend initially to get dirtier and later clean up. Economists call this the “environmental Kuznets curve”. It took the United States until the 1970s to tax lead in petrol, then finally ban it, as the country moved down the far side of the environmental Kuznets curve. But as Tim Harford explains in this astonishing story, the consequences of the Kuznets curve aren’t always only economic. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Petrol Nozzle, Credit: Khaled Desouki/AFP/Getty Images)

Department Store

1 juli 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Flamboyant American retailer Harry Gordon Selfridge introduced Londoners to a whole new shopping experience, one honed in the department stores of late-19th century America. He swept away previous shopkeepers’ customs of keeping shopper and merchandise apart to one where “just looking” was positively encouraged. In the full-page newspaper adverts Selfridge took out when his eponymous department store opened in London in the early 1900s, he compared the “pleasures of shopping” to those of “sight-seeing”. He installed the largest plate glass windows in the world – and created, behind them, the most sumptuous shop window displays. His adverts pointedly made clear that the “whole British public” would be welcome – “no cards of admission are required”. Recognising that his female customers offered profitable opportunities that competitors were neglecting, one of his quietly revolutionary moves was the introduction of a ladies’ lavatory. Selfridge saw that women might want to stay in town all day, without having to use an insalubrious public convenience or retreat to a respectable hotel for tea whenever they wanted to relieve themselves. As Tim Harford explains, one of Selfridge’s biographers even thinks he “could justifiably claim to have helped emancipate women.” Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Images: Selfridges Christmas shop window, Credit: Stuart C. Wilson/Getty Images)

Barbed Wire

24 juni 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

In 1876 John Warne Gates described the new product he hoped to sell as “lighter than air, stronger than whiskey, cheaper than dust”. We simply call it barbed wire. The advertisements of the time touted it this fence as “The Greatest Discovery Of The Age”. That might seem hyperbolic, even making allowances for the fact that the advertisers didn’t know that Alexander Graham Bell was just about to be awarded a patent for the telephone. But – as Tim Harford explains – while modern minds naturally think of the telephone as transformative, barbed wire wreaked huge changes in America, and much more quickly. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Barbed wire and sun, Credit: Getty Images)

Tax Havens

17 juni 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The economist Gabriel Zucman is the inventor of an ingenious way to estimate the amount of wealth hidden in the offshore banking system. In theory, if you add up the assets and liabilities reported by every global financial centre, the books should balance. But they don’t. Each individual centre tends to report more liabilities than assets. Zucman crunched the numbers and found that, globally, total liabilities were eight percent higher than total assets. That suggests at least eight percent of the world’s wealth is illegally unreported. Other methods have come up with even higher estimates. As Tim Harford explains, that makes the tax haven a very significant feature of the modern economy. Lees meer

Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon
Producer: Ben Crighton

(Image: Huts along tropical beach, Credit: DonLand/Shutterstock)

Infant Formula

10 juni 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Not every baby has a mother who can breastfeed. Indeed, not every baby has a mother. In the early 1800s, only two in three babies who weren’t breastfed lived to see their first birthday. Many were given “pap”, a bread-and-water mush, from hard-to-clean receptacles that teemed with bacteria. But in 1865 Justus von Liebig invented Soluble Food for Babies – a powder comprising cow’s milk, wheat flour, malt flour and potassium bicarbonate. It was the first commercial substitute for breastmilk and, as Tim Harford explains, it has helped shape the modern workplace. Lees meer

Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon
Producer: Ben Crighton

(Image: Baby lying down drinking from bottle, Credit: Lopolo/Shutterstock)

Tally Stick

27 mei 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Tally sticks were made from willow harvested along the banks of the Thames in London. The stick would contain a record of the debt. It might say, for example, “9£ 4s 4p from Fulk Basset for the farm of Wycombe”. Fulk Basset, by the way, might sound like a character from Star Wars but was in fact a Bishop of London in the 13th century. He owed his debt to King Henry III. Now comes the elegant part. The stick would be split in half, down its length from one end to the other. The debtor would retain half, called the “foil”. The creditor would retain the other half, called the “stock”. (Even today British bankers use the word “stocks” to refer to debts of the British government.) Because willow has a natural and distinctive grain, the two halves would match only each other. As Tim Harford explains, the tally stick system enabled something radical to occur. If you had a tally stock showing that Bishop Basset owed you five pounds, then unless you worried that Bishop Basset wasn’t good for the money, the tally stock itself was worth close to five pounds in its own right - like money; a kind of debt, which can be traded freely. Lees meer

Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon
Producer: Ben Crighton

(Photo: Medieval tally sticks, accounts of the bailiff of Ralph de Manton of the Ufford Church Northampton. Credit: National Archives)

Passports

22 mei 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

How much might global economic output rise if anyone could work anywhere? Some economists have calculated it would double. By the turn of the 20th century only a handful of countries were still insisting on passports to enter or leave. Today, migrant controls are back in fashion. It can seem like a natural fact of life that the name of the country on our passport determines where you can travel and work – legally, at least. Lees meer

But it’s a relatively recent historical development – and, from a certain angle, an odd one. Many countries take pride in banning employers from discriminating against characteristics we can’t change: whether we’re male or female, young or old, gay or straight, black or white.

It’s not entirely true that we can’t change our passport: if you’ve got $250,000, for example, you can buy one from St Kitts and Nevis. But mostly our passport depends on the identity of our parents and location of our birth. And nobody chooses those.

Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon
Producer: Ben Crighton

(Photo: Irish and UK passports are on display. Credit: Getty Images)

Intellectual Property

13 mei 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

When the great novelist Charles Dickens arrived in America in 1842, he was hoping to put an end to pirated copies of his work in the US. They circulated there with impunity because the United States granted no copyright protection to non-citizens. Patents and copyright grant a monopoly, and monopolies are bad news. Dickens’s British publishers will have charged as much as they could get away with for copies of Bleak House; cash-strapped literature lovers simply had to go without. But these potential fat profits encourage new ideas. It took Dickens a long time to write Bleak House. If other British publishers could have ripped it off like the Americans, perhaps he wouldn’t have bothered. As Tim Harford explains, intellectual property reflects an economic trade-off – a balancing act. If it’s too generous to the creators then good ideas will take too long to copy, adapt and spread. But if it’s too stingy then maybe we won’t see the good ideas at all. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Copyright stamp, Credit: Arcady/Shutterstock)

Video Games

6 mei 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

From Spacewar to Pokemon Go, video games – aside from becoming a large industry in their own right – have influenced the modern economy in some surprising ways. Here’s one. In 2016, four economists presented research into a puzzling fact about the US labour market. The economy was growing, unemployment rates were low, and yet a surprisingly large number of able-bodied young men were either working part-time or not working at all. More puzzling still, while most studies of unemployment find that it makes people thoroughly miserable, the happiness of these young men was rising. The researchers concluded that the explanation was simply that this cohort of young men were living at home, sponging off their parents and playing videogames. They were deciding, in the other words, not to join the modern economy in some low-paid job, because being a starship captain at home is far more appealing. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Photo: Hands holding game pad and playing shooter game on TV screen. Credit: Getty Images)

Cuneiform

29 april 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The Egyptians thought literacy was divine; a benefaction which came from the baboon-faced god Thoth. In fact the earliest known script – “cuneiform” – came from Uruk, a Mesopotamian settlement on the banks of the Euphrates in what is now Iraq. What did it say? As Tim Harford describes, cuneiform wasn’t being used for poetry, or to send messages to far-off lands. It was used to create the world’s first accounts. And the world’s first written contracts, too. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Close-up of clay tablet, Credit: Kotomiti Okuma/Shutterstock)

Air Conditioning

22 april 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Tim Harford tells the surprising story of air conditioning which was invented in 1902 to counter the effects of humidity on the printing process. Over the following decades “aircon” found its way into our homes, cars and offices. But air conditioning is much more than a mere convenience. It is a transformative technology; one that has had a profound influence on where and how we live. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Air conditioning vent, Credit: Dorason/Shutterstock)

Elevator

15 april 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

In 1853 Elisha Otis climbed onto a platform which was then hoisted high above a large crowd of onlookers, nervy with anticipation. A man with an axe cut the cable, the crowd gasped, and Otis’s platform shuddered – but it did not plunge. “All safe, gentlemen, all safe!” he boomed. The city landscape was about to be turned on its head by the man who had invented not the elevator, but the elevator brake. As Tim Harford explains, the safety elevator is an astonishingly successful mass transit system which has changed the very shape of our cities. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Modern Elevator, Credit: iurii/Shutterstock)

Contraceptive Pill

8 april 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The contraceptive pill had profound social consequences. Everyone agrees with that. But – as Tim Harford explains – the pill wasn’t just socially revolutionary. It also sparked an economic revolution, perhaps the most significant of the late twentieth century. A careful statistical study by the Harvard economists Claudia Goldin and Lawrence Katz strongly suggests that the pill played a major role in allowing women to delay marriage, delay motherhood and invest in their own careers. The consequences of that are profound. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Oral contraceptive pill, Credit: Areeya_ann/Shutterstock)

TV Dinner

1 april 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The way educated women spend their time in the United States and other rich countries has changed radically over the past half a century. Women in the US now spend around 45 minutes per day in total on cooking and cleaning up; that is still much more than men, who spend just 15 minutes a day. But it is a vast shift from the four hours a day which was common in the 1960s. We know all this from time-use surveys conducted around the world. And we know the reasons for the shift. One of the most important of those is a radical change in the way food is prepared. As Tim Harford explains, the TV dinner – and other convenient innovations which emerged over the same period – have made a lasting economic impression. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: TV Dinner, Credit: Shutterstock)

Gramophone

25 maart 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

“Superstar” economics – how the gramophone led to a winner-take-all dynamic in the performing industry. Elizabeth Billington was a British soprano in the 18th century. She was so famous, London’s two leading opera houses scrambled desperately to secure her performances. In 1801 she ended up singing at both venues, alternating between the two, and pulling in at least £10,000. A remarkable sum, much noted at the time. But in today’s terms, it’s a mere £687,000, or about a million dollars; one per cent of a similarly famous solo artist’s annual earnings today. What explains the difference? The gramophone. And, as Tim Harford explains, technological innovations have created “superstar” economics in other sectors too. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Thomas Edison Phonograph, Credit: James Steidl/Shutterstock)

Battery

18 maart 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Murderers in early 19th century London feared surviving their executions. That’s because their bodies were often handed to scientists for strange anatomical experiments. If George Foster, executed in 1803, had woken up on the lab table, it would have been in particularly undignified circumstances. In front of a large London crowd, an Italian scientist with a flair for showmanship was sticking an electrode up Foster’s rectum. This is how the story of the battery begins – a technology which has been truly revolutionary. As Tim Harford explains, it’s a story which is far from over. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Used Batteries, Credit: Gerard Julien/Getty Images)

Public Key Cryptography

11 maart 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Take a very large prime number – one that is not divisible by anything other than itself. Then take another. Multiply them together. That is simple enough, and it gives you a very, very large “semi-prime” number. That is a number that is divisible only by two prime numbers. Now challenge someone else to take that semi-prime number, and figure out which two prime numbers were multiplied together to produce it. That, it turns out, is exceptionally hard. Some mathematics are a lot easier to perform in one direction than another. Public key cryptography works by exploiting this difference. And without it we would not have the internet as we know it. Tim Harford tells the story of public key cryptography – and the battle between the geeks who developed it, and the government which tried to control it. Lees meer

(Photo: Encryption algorithms. Credit: Shutterstock)

Robot

4 maart 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Robots threaten the human workforce, but their ubiquity and growing competence make them crucial to the modern economy. In 1961 General Motors installed the first Unimate at one of its plants. It was a one-armed robot resembling a small tank that was used for tasks like welding. Now, as Tim Harford explains, the world’s robot population is expanding rapidly (the robot “birth rate” is almost doubling every five years) and, coupled with rapid advances in artificial intelligence, robots are changing the world of work in unexpected ways. Lees meer

(Photo: Robot, Credit: Toru Yamanaka/Getty Images)

Disposable Razor

25 februari 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

King Camp Gillette came up with an idea which has helped shape the modern economy. He invented the disposable razor blade. But, perhaps more significantly, he invented the two-part pricing model which works by imposing what economists call “switching costs”. If you’ve ever bought replacement cartridges for an inkjet printer you experienced both when you discovered that they cost almost as much as the printer itself. It’s also known as the “razor and blades” model because that’s where it first drew attention, thanks to King Camp Gillette. Attract people with a cheap razor, then repeatedly charge them for expensive replacement blades. As Tim Harford explains, it’s an idea which has been remarkably influential. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Razor, Credit: Shutterstock)

Clock

18 februari 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

There’s no such thing as “the correct time”. Like the value of money, it’s a convention that derives its usefulness from the widespread acceptance of others. But there is such a thing as accurate timekeeping. That dates from 1656, and a Dutchman named Christiaan Huygens. In the centuries since, as Tim Harford explains, the clock has become utterly essential to almost every area of the modern economy. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: A wall clock. Credit: Shutterstock)

Google

11 februari 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The words 'clever' and 'death' crop up less often than 'Google' in conversation. That’s according to researchers at the University of Lancaster in the UK. It took just two decades for Google to reach this cultural ubiquity. Larry Page and Sergey Brin – Google’s founders – were not, initially, interested in designing a better way to search. Their Stanford University project had a more academic motivation. Tim Harford tells the extraordinary story of a technology which might shape our access to knowledge for generations to come. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Google logo and search box on a screen. Credit: Yui Mok/PA Wire)

Insurance

4 februari 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Legally and culturally, there’s a clear distinction between gambling and insurance. Economically, the difference is not so easy to see. Both the gambler and the insurer agree that money will change hands depending on what transpires in some unknowable future. Today the biggest insurance market of all – financial derivatives – blurs the line between insuring and gambling more than ever. Tim Harford tells the story of insurance; an idea as old as gambling but one which is fundamental to the way the modern economy works. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Lloyds Coffeehouse, Credit: Getty Images)

Paper

28 januari 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

The Gutenberg printing press is widely considered to be one of humanity’s defining inventions. Actually, you can quibble with Gutenberg’s place in history. He wasn’t the first to invent a movable type press – it was originally developed in China. Still the Gutenberg press changed the world. It led to Europe’s reformation, science, the newspaper, the novel, the school textbook, and much else. But, as Tim Harford explains, it could not have done so without another invention, just as essential but often overlooked: paper. Paper was another Chinese idea, just over 2000 years ago. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Stack of coloured paper, Credit: Laborant/Shutterstock)

Antibiotics

20 januari 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

In 1928 a young bacteriologist named Alexander Fleming failed to tidy up his petri dishes before going home to Scotland on holiday. On his return, he famously noticed that one dish had become mouldy in his absence, and the mould was killing the bacteria he’d used the dish to cultivate. It’s hard to overstate the impact of antibiotics on medicine, farming and the way we live. But, as Tim Harford explains, the story of antibiotics is a cautionary one. And unhelpful economic incentives are in large part to blame. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon

(Image: Penicillin Fungi, Credit: Science Photo/Shutterstock)

Billy Bookcase

14 januari 2017 · 9 min

Beluister deze aflevering

Low cost, functional and brilliantly efficient, an Ikea Billy bookcase rolls off the production line every three seconds. There are thought to be over 60 million of them already in service. Few could find the Billy bookcase beautiful. They are successful because they work and they are cheap. And – as Tim Harford explains in this fascinating story – brilliantly boring efficiency is essential to the modern economy. The humble Billy bookcase epitomises the relentless pursuit of lower costs and acceptable functionality. Lees meer

Producer: Ben Crighton
Editors: Richard Knight and Richard Vadon