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205 afleveringen, van nieuw naar oud
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Yom Kippur War: An Overview (Replay)
30 augustus 2023 · 27 min
After the victory of the Six-Day War in 1967, it seemed like Israel was invincible. Less than a decade later, the country was taken by surprise by the outbreak of war on Yom Kippur 1973. Noam Weissman explores why — despite warnings — Israel’s leadership seemed so unprepared, why America urged Israel not to attack first and why this national catastrophe ultimately led to a strengthening of relationships with both the U.S. and Egypt.
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This episode of Unpacking Israeli History is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill.
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/the-yom-kippur-war-when-israel-almost-fell/ https://unpacked.education/video/the-yom-kippur-war-how-israel-turned-the-tide/
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Sources: Lees meerhttps://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/yom-kippur-war
https://mwi.usma.edu/timeless-lessons-october-1973-arab-israeli-war/
https://books.google.com/books?id=n_9gIR6Fi3UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Yom+Kippur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo2Mn7psPWAhWqhlQKHRX4C8kQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=We%E2%80%99ll%20have%20one%20hundred%20tanks%20against%20&f=false
http://www.jewishagency.org/secret-service/content/25324
https://erenow.com/modern/israel-concise-history-nation-reborn/15.php
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24402464
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151161087.pdf&sa=D&ust=1593682967472000&usg=AFQjCNEOS_bqDj5L9vZ_6wc1JdAAWuiH4g
http://www.jewishagency.org/secret-service/content/25324
https://erenow.com/modern/israel-concise-history-nation-reborn/15.php
https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/2018/09/the-yom-kippur-war-should-be-remembered-as-a-great-israeli-victory/
https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-yom-kippur-war-when-israels-arabs-didnt-rise-up/
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Unpacked is a division of OpenDor Media -
Prisoners of Zion: Refuseniks and the Soviet Aliyah
23 augustus 2023 · 45 min
*** Don’t miss the 3-part miniseries on the YK war, starting September 6th *** Lees meer
Between 1989 and 2000, over a million Jews from the former Soviet Union arrived in Israel, fundamentally changing the nature of the country. But the road from the USSR to the Middle East was long, winding, and painful. This is the story of how a group of American students and Soviet dissidents wrenched back the Iron Curtain, guaranteeing the religious freedom of over one million Jews.
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VSbxCEDWZv3bs8Sm8elQELJpDysL0p4hch3SWo_gaWI/edit -
Should Israel Ransom Captured Citizens?
16 augustus 2023 · 49 min
*** Don’t miss the 3-part miniseries on the YK war, starting September 6th ***
Maybe you’ve heard of Gilad Shalit, the Israeli soldier held for five years by the terrorist group Hamas. And maybe you’ve heard about the lengths that Israel went to to get him back, like swapping over a thousand prisoners for one missing man. But Shalit isn’t the first Israeli POW to be redeemed at a high price. In this episode, Noam asks Why does Israel pay such a high price to return captured soldiers? And, even more poignantly, Is doing so good for the Jewish state?
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1HbAQrIlyEX8ivxrX0CkP_CPzgVd3U1_W_UCTkBt6n-4/edit Lees meer -
The Battle for Sheikh Jarrah
9 augustus 2023 · 43 min
*** Don’t miss the 3-part miniseries on the YK war, starting September 6th ***
It’s the world’s most famous property dispute. And among the most deadly. The residents of this sleepy East Jerusalem neighborhood have spent the past four decades in court. And their battle has set Israel on fire – literally. So who, if anyone, is right? And what’s the story of Sheikh Jarrah?
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/16E0WhmIy70n3Pb35_dlZUZm0wvScmyCmtiEGSDQ7Psc/edit Lees meer -
Shadows of Justice: The Demjanjuk Trial
2 augustus 2023 · 41 min
*** Don’t miss the 3-part miniseries on the YK war, starting September 6th ***
John Demjanjuk seemed like any other middle-aged immigrant living the American dream in the Ohio suburbs. Until the US Department of Justice accused him of being an SS guard, stripped him of his citizenship, and extradited him to Israel to stand trial for war crimes. In Israel, he stood accused of ghastly abuse. And still, doubt persisted: could this stereotypical guy-next-door really have been the infamously sadistic SS guard at Treblinka? Was this a case of mistaken identity? And what is the line between justice, vengeance, and the law?
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/19U0j4G961PuGuFchjagiCuhrjgCWPeytkvNkcbBQfW4/edit?usp=sharing
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This episode of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Dorit Naftalin & Harry Nelson, and Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher. Lees meer -
Season 5 Coming!
26 juli 2023 · 3 min
We’re back! Get ready...for Season 5, for more twists, turns, triumphs, and tragedies that define Israeli history. Are you ready? Yalla, let’s do this!
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P3: The Hope, Finally, Independence - Israel@75
26 april 2023 · 43 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
It was the spring of 1948, and in just a few short weeks, the British were scheduled to ship out, leaving Palestine to the Arabs and Jews who had been waging war against each other for six months. But beyond the bombs and the bullets, another war raged behind the scenes. One that continues to this day. The war for the soul of the Jewish state.
This is the story of Israel’s declaration of independence – and of its ongoing evolution as a modern state.
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/10VpS6Bh1JQ-4HTxatuSJHq4y9P1HyT9KhGSiFk-TqFk/edit?usp=sharing
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This Israel@75 mini-series is generously sponsored by the Jewish Agency for Israel - North American Council, and Ari and Jody Storch. Lees meer -
P2: The Lamed Hey, Convoy of 35 - Israel@75
19 april 2023 · 33 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
Today, the Etzion bloc is home to more than 20,000 Jews. But back in 1948, roughly 500 Jews lived in the tiny parcel of land nestled between Hebron and Jerusalem. The four isolated, vulnerable kibbutzim of the bloc were an easy target for Arab attacks. But the Jews of Etzion weren’t going down without a fight. And the Palmach – the Haganah’s elite strike force – would do anything to keep these tiny communities strong and well-supplied. Like sending a convoy of 35 fighters weighed down with supplies through miles of hostile territory.
But war is hell. And the story of Gush Etzion, and the brave convoy that supplied it, is both a tragedy – and a story of brotherhood, heroism, and resilience in the face of seemingly insurmountable odds.
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1REJt_UGndGrngPsww3Ra4PLBcKJB67xBM6Sd3TVG_nE/edit?usp=sharing
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This Israel@75 mini-series is generously sponsored by the Jewish Agency for Israel - North American Council, and Ari and Jody Storch. Lees meer -
P1: The Rift, Israel's Civil War - Israel@75
11 april 2023 · 44 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
You probably know the story of Israeli independence: Ben Gurion declared a Jewish state on May 14, 1948. The next day, multiple Arab armies invaded. And though the war was long and brutal, the Jewish state emerged victorious. That story is true. But it’s incomplete. Because the war for Israel didn’t start on May 15, 1948. It started back in November of 1947, the morning after the UN voted to partition Palestine into two states. And if you want to understand Israeli history, you have to understand the six bloody months that preceded its creation…
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KEyXoESRtJWiULNjtXUXMokGHKtKRIj62Fmz29cXx3I/edit?usp=sharing
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This Israel@75 mini-series is generously sponsored by the Jewish Agency for Israel - North American Council, and Ari and Jody Storch. Lees meer -
Heroes, Hurdles, and Early Israel's Foundations
5 april 2023 · 39 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
The modern state of Israel is only 75 years old. But the Israeli identity was forged long before the partition vote of 1947 or the War of Liberation in 1948, in the earliest decades of the 20th century. The three figures we’ll talk about today were not Israelis. They died before they ever saw an independent Jewish state. But their stories shaped the country we know today.
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1JoCjNZV__Qwpu0k9Sth16tMQ8bhlTqe_ogsFBpvLjFk/edit?usp=sharing
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Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci and Andrew Spitzer, and this episode is generously sponsored by Barbara Sommer and Alan Fisher. Lees meer -
Sadat's Leap: Israel's Historic Peace Breakthrough
29 maart 2023 · 39 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
November 19, 1977. It was perhaps the most unusual Shabbat in Israel’s history. Because after the havdala service, Israeli families glued themselves to their TVs or radios, waiting anxiously for a visitor they never dreamed would arrive. Anwar Sadat, President of Egypt, had come to Jerusalem to speak of peace. What happened next changed the Middle East forever.
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1VLl6H1mbapNkhWq8aNnMFylTQ9w__9WDxIsqvlniORs/edit?usp=sharing
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Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci and Andrew Spitzer, and this episode is generously sponsored by Barbara Sommer and Alan Fisher. Lees meer -
Hamas, Explained
22 maart 2023 · 40 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
You’ve heard their name. Watched their propaganda videos. Seen their bloody handiwork up close and personal.
But how well do you really know the story of Hamas?
This episode delves into the surprising history of Israel’s charming next door neighbor. It’s a deep dive into their history, their ideology, their legacy. Because if we want to truly understand Israeli history, we’ve got to face the parallel history that has developed alongside it.
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Sources: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1DBe4s5ArwlF7ACLUoztotb9EarUYqK7nd1Z0pCXyMR4/edit?usp=sharing
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Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci and Andrew Spitzer, and this week’s episode is sponsored by Adam Neuman. Lees meer -
Kfar Qassem: A Wound That Still Bleeds
15 maart 2023 · 32 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
Kfar Qassem is a small bucolic city northeast of Petach Tikva. It is also the little-known site of the first salvo of the Suez Canal Crisis. On October 29, 1956 – as Israel prepared for war with Egypt – an IDF commander made a decision that would permanently scar Israel’s Arab community. Today, we tell the story of the 49 Israeli citizens murdered at Kfar Qassem. This episode is dedicated to them. Lees meerIbrahim Abdalhadi Himad Isaa, 35
Abed Muhammad Abdalhadi Isaa, 9
Abdallah Ahmad Himad Isaa, 15
Talal Shaker Abdallah Isaa, 8
Abdallah Sliman Isaa, 90
Ahmad Muhammad Sous Freij, 35
Ali Uthman Ali Tah, 30
Muhammad Abed Samaha Asi, AKA Abu Samaha, 50
Ghazi Mahmoud Darweesh Isaa, 20
Muhammad Abdalraheem Isaa, 50
Fathi Uthman Abed Isaa, 12
Uthman Abed Himad Isaa, 30
Saleh Mahmoud Naser Amer (age unknown)
Mahmoud Abdalghafer Rayan, 35
Mahmoud Abdalrazeq Sarsour, 16
Ali Nimer Nuwwara Freij, 17
Saleh Salameh Ahmad Amer, 40
Salim Ahmad Basheer Budeir, 50
Abdallah Abdalghafer Budeir (age unknown)
Abed Salim Saleh Isaa (age unknown)
Atta Yacoub Abed Sarsour, 26
Riyad Raja Hamdan Dahoud, 8
Jamal Salim Muhammad Tah, 11
Jumma Muhammad Abed Sarsour, 17
Mousa Thiab Abed Freij, 18
Abdalkarim Salim Nuwwara Freij, 14
Saleh Mustafa Ahmad Isaa, 17
Abdalraheem Ismir Budeir, 25
Ahmad Muhammad Jouda Amer, 17
Jumma Tawfik Ahmad Isaa, 16
Mahmoud Khader Jaber Sarsour, 27
Yousef Muhammad Ismail Sarsour, 52
Muhammad Salim Khader Sarsour, 15
Muhammad Ali Thiab Sarsour, 35
Abdallah Muhammad Abed Sarsour, 14
Safa Abdallah Usus Sarsour, 45
Amne Qasem Tah, 50
Khamise Faraj Muhammad Amer, 50
Zaghlouleh Ahmad Basheer Isaa, 45
Hilwe Muhammad Odeh Budeir, 65
Fatme Dahoud Sarsour, 30 (nine months pregnant)
Unborn child of Fatme Dahoud Sarsour
Fatme Mustafa Khamran Isaa, 18
Fatme Mahmoud Budeir (Age unknown)
Fatme Saleh Ahmad Sarsour, 14
Rashika Faek Ibrahim Budeir, 14
Zeinab Abdalrahman Ahmad Tah, 45
Latife Dahoud Khamran Isaa, 12
Bakriya Mahmoud Isma… -
Ma'alot: When Terrorists Came For The Children
8 maart 2023 · 27 min
Take the survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
It was supposed to be a fun field trip. A little celebration in honor of Israel’s 26th birthday. Over a hundred religious high school students, exploring northern Israel and sleeping under the stars. But the three Palestinian terrorists who sneaked in from Lebanon had other plans. This is the story of the Ma’alot massacre. It’s a story of horror and blood. But it’s also a story of hope and resistance. A reminder that every hour of our lives matters.
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Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci and Andrew Spitzer and this episode is generously sponsored by Neil and Pam Weissman.
~~~~ Lees meerThis episode is dedicated to the memory of the victims:
Hasibah Shala, 27
Yosef (Jojo) Cohen, 45
Fortuna Cohen, 38 (7 months pregnant)
Unborn child of Fortuna Cohen
Moshe Eliahu Cohen, 4
Sylvan Zerach, 27
Ilana Turgeman, 15
Zvia Mor-Yoseph, 15
Rachel Aputa, 16
Yocheved Mazoz, 15
Sarah Ben-Shim’on, 15
Yona Sabag, 15
Yafa Cohen, 17
Shoshana Cohen, 17
Michal Sitrok, 16
Malka Amrosy, 15
Aviva Saada, 15
Yocheved Deri (age unknown)
Yakov Levi, 17
Yakov Kabla, 17
Rina Cohen, 15
Sarah Madar, 15
Tamar Dahan, 16
Sarah Sofer, 15
Lilly Morad, 16
David Madar, 17
Yehudit Madar, 16Sources and Citations: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1KMKO3YYqYpzceUaJuZ9pEXpTfnzVqLdh7fAFseqHovU/edit?usp=sharing
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Season 4 Coming!
1 maart 2023 · 3 min
We’re back!
By popular demand, Unpacking Israeli History is back for another season. Get ready for the twists, turns, triumphs, and tragedies that define Israeli history. So strap in. Because for the next 8 weeks, we’re going to shine a light on some of the wildest stories you can imagine. Are you ready?
Yalla, let’s do this! Lees meer -
Introducing Jewish History Unpacked
29 november 2022 · 41 min
Unpacking Israeli History introduces another podcast from Unpacked: Jewish History Unpacked. Whoever said history was boring clearly never heard these stories Join hosts Yael and Schwab each week as they take a dive into some deep cuts of Jewish history. From the Jewish Da Vinci Code to mass suicide pacts, explore true stories that feel larger than life.
This episode tells the story of Josephus Flavius. It's maybe one of the wildest characters in Jewish history, and that's saying something. That's largely because unlike most historians, he didn't just chronicle the story; as Yael tells Schwab in this week's episode, Josephus, or Yosef ben Matityahu, wrote himself into the story - and what a story it is. This week, we learn about Josephus and the siege of Yodfat, and they ask, what does it mean for us to write yourself into the story of Jewish history? Lees meer -
Osirak: The Airstrike That Shocked The World
13 juni 2022 · 44 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
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On the night before Shavuot, 1981, Prime Minister Menachem Begin shocked his cabinet by announcing they would be launching a surprise attack on a nuclear reactor in Iraq, known as Osirak. It was a gamble, one that the outside world, not to mention in Israel itself, most people didn't approve of. In this episode, Noam takes us on a tour of Begin's decision, the aftermath, and how it still impacts Israel today.
~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci & Andrew Spitzer and Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and this episode, is generously sponsored by Jack Zager and Ellen Kahan, and by Pam and Neil Weissman, in memory of their parents, Mama Bashe and Saba Royal Rockman, and Safta Alice and Saba Irving Weissman. Lees meer -
"Torah Dome": Why Don't Haredim Serve In The IDF?
30 mei 2022 · 53 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
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Who should serve in the Israeli military? It doesn’t sound like a particularly spicy question, does it? Because the obvious answer is… “Israelis.” Like, duh. Case closed, next question. But in this episode, Noam breaks down why Haredim, a massive force in Israel, don't serve. He goes through the history and asks, how does this choice impact the country?
VOTE IN OUR POLL HERE:
jewishunpacked.com/israeliarmy Lees meer~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci & Andrew Spitzer and Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and this episode is generously sponsored by Lisa and Phil Baratz, and by the Center For Advancement of Jewish Education. ~~~~
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Farhud: The Massacre You May Not Know About (But Should)
23 mei 2022 · 50 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
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The relationship between Jews and their host countries, for the past several thousand years, is complicated. And Iraq is no exception. While Jews have lived there for thousands of years, today, virtually no Jews are left in the country. This week's episode tells that story, through the lens of the Farhud, the devastating 1941 massacre in which Iraqis murdered, raped, mutilated, looted, and destroyed Baghdad’s Jewish community.
~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci & Andrew Spitzer and Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and this episode is generously sponsored by the Center For Advancement of Jewish Education. ~~~~ Lees meer -
Desert Storm: Gas Masks in...Tel Aviv?
16 mei 2022 · 47 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
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You may have heard about the first Gulf War - basically the entire world vs. Saddam Hussein. But though 34 countries - 34! - entered the alliance against Iraq, Israel didn't. So why on earth did missiles begin to rain down on Israel? In this episode, Noam breaks down how the 1991 Gulf War affected ordinary Israelis, tested the US-Israel relationship, and even challenged the long-held Zionist ethos.
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This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci & Andrew Spitzer and Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and this episode is generously sponsored by the Center For Advancement of Jewish Education, and The Jewish Federation of Northern NJ.
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Bibliography available at https://jewishunpacked.com/saddam-husseins-gulf-war-legacy-is-still-felt-in-israel/ Lees meer -
Qibya: Civilian Massacre or Military Operation?
9 mei 2022 · 42 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
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Qibya is one of the saddest and most difficult events in Israeli history. A military unit enters a village, and when the raid is over, 43 homes had been demolished, and 69 civilians – mostly women and children – had been killed. This week, Noam asks, what happened here, and how does it impact the story we tell ourselves about Israel?
~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Marci & Andrew Spitzer and Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and this episode is generously sponsored by the Center For Advancement of Jewish Education, and The Jewish Federation of Northern NJ.
~~~~ Lees meerLearn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about Black Saturday: https://jewishunpacked.com/black-saturday-how-far-would-you-go-for-a-homeland/
Unpacking Israeli History about the Mossad: https://jewishunpacked.com/the-mossad-three-tales-of-assassination/
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Bibliography:
Daniel Gordis, “Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn.”
Howard Sachar, “A History of Israel, From the Birth of Zionism to Our Time.”
Sapir Journal on power, vol 2, 2021.
Rise and Kill First, Ronen Bergman
On the Kanias family
https://www.haaretz.co.il/misc/1.853441https://www.sharett.org.il/downloads/doc-pics/doc03486.pdf
On Israel’s GDP: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD?end=2020&locations=ZQ&most_recent_value_desc=true&start=2020&view=mapOn tzenna (austerity): https://gould.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/ilj/assets/docs/18-1%20Seidman.pdf
On Israeli borders:
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-54116567#:~:text=The%20fighting%20ended%20in%201949,Bank%20(occupied%20by%20Jordan)
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/arm01.asp
On Moshe Dayan:
Mordechai Bar-On, “Moshe Dayan: Israel’s Controversial Hero.”
https://jiss.org.il/en/henkin-high-price-blood-israels-security-doctrines/#:~:text=The%20Dayan%20doctrine%2… -
Sykes-Picot and San Remo: You've Never Heard Of Them, But Did They Create Israel?
2 mei 2022 · 39 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
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It’s 1916 and World War I is raging. Countries are fighting for resources, land and power and the Ottoman Empire is on its deathbed. With all eyes on the Empire’s Middle Eastern territory, who will decide who gets control over what will become Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Iraq, and parts of Saudi Arabia? In this episode, Noam explores the secretive Sykes-Picot Agreement and the fallout it caused at the San Remo Conference.
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This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and Marci & Andrew Spitzer, and this episode is generously sponsored by the Jewish Federation of Northeastern New York, and the Jewish Federation of Northern NJ.
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about Black Saturday: https://jewishunpacked.com/black-saturday-how-far-would-you-go-for-a-homeland/
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Bibliography: https://jewishunpacked.com/did-a-secret-1916-treaty-between-the-u-k-and-france-create-the-state-of-israel/ Lees meer -
Behind the Mossad: Three Stories You Won't Believe
25 april 2022 · 37 min
How much do you know about the Mossad, Israel’s legendary intelligence agency? In this episode, Noam regales three wild stories about the Mossad that seem like they're straight out of a movie. Welcome to the world of international espionage. Lees meer
Our deepest gratitude to Israeli journalist Ronen Bergman and his deeply researched, one of a kind book Rise and Kill First. The bulk of our research came from this book. And with that, welcome to the shadowy world of international espionage.
~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and Marci & Andrew Spitzer, and this episode is generously sponsored by the Jewish Federation of Northeastern New York, and the Jewish Federation of Northern NJ. ~~~~ Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about Sabra and Shatila: https://jewishunpacked.com/sabra-and-shatila-what-happened-and-why-it-matters/
Unpacking Israeli History about Entebbe: https://jewishunpacked.com/operation-thunderbolt-the-raid-on-entebbe/
Unpacking Israeli History about Oslo: https://jewishunpacked.com/oslo-the-peace-that-wasnt/
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Bibliography:
Rise and Kill First
PLO Charter: https://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/plocov.asp
Munich massacre refresher: https://www.britannica.com/event/Munich-Massacre
Wrath of God refresher: https://www.britannica.com/topic/Operation-Wrath-of-God
Eurovision stats: https://eurovisionworld.com/eurovision/1973
Uri Milstein interview: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qWNEiChjXF8&ab_channel=AlexTseitlin
Popular songs of the 1970s: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_Annual_Hebrew_Song_Chart; https://www.myisraelimusic.com/episode1103
On 70s-era terror attacks in Israel: https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/maps/pages/1967-1993-%20major%20terror%20attacks.aspx
On the PFLP: https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/pflp-dflp-pflp-gc-palestinian-leftists
Haddad…
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Kishinev: Auschwitz Before Auschwitz
18 april 2022 · 35 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
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Prior to the Holocaust, the 1903 pogrom in Kishinev (now Moldova) was the most infamous occurrence of Jewish suffering in the Diaspora. In this episode, Noam explores the many myths that surround the massacre and how it inspired Theodor Herzl to propose the controversial Uganda Plan. ~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and Marci & Andrew Spitzer, and this episode is generously sponsored by the Jewish Federation of Northeastern New York, and the Tampa Jewish Federation. ~~~~ Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about the Uganda Plan: https://jewishunpacked.com/herzl-and-the-non-promised-land/
~~~~ Lees meerSteven J Zipperstein, Pogrom: Kishinev and the Tilt of History
Edward Judge, Anatomy of a Pogrom
http://faculty.history.umd.edu/BCooperman/NewCity/Slaughter.html
Micah Goodman, The Wondering Jew: Israel and the Search for Jewish Identity
https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.2307/23877915
https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.1093/mj/kjh017
https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/naacp/founding-and-early-years.html
Ervin Birnbaum, In the Shadow of the Struggle
https://sci-hub.hkvisa.net/10.2307/40574565
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1EAQVYv-rqw
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Hebron Riots: When Tensions Erupt
12 april 2022 · 39 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey ~~~~
Welcome to Season 3 of Unpacking Israeli History! In the summer of 1929, Jews and Arabs alike found themselves caught in an unbearably bloody battle. The aftermath of a deadly riot showed the Jews of British Mandatory Palestine that the British couldn’t protect them, leading them to unite under the banner of Zionism. In this episode, Noam unpacks the 1929 Hebron Riots and considers why it may be considered “Year Zero” of the Arab-Israeli conflict. ~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and by Marci & Andrew Spitzer, and this episode is generously sponsored by Liz and Moshe Neiman. ~~~~ Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/ Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked Unpacking Israeli History about Black Saturday: https://jewishunpacked.com/black-saturday-how-far-would-you-go-for-a-homeland/
Unpacking Israeli History about UN Resolution 3379: https://jewishunpacked.com/is-zionism-racism-un-resolution-3379/
~~~~
Once Upon a Country: A Palestinian Life, Sari Nusseibeh
https://www.britannica.com/biography/Amin-al-Husayni
https://www.britannica.com/topic/mufti
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/hajj-amin-al-husayni-the-mufti-of-jerusalem
A History of Israel, From the Rise of Zionism to Our Time, Howard Sachar
Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab Conflict, 1881-1998, Benny Morris
One Palestine, Complete: Jews and Arabs Under the British Mandate, Tom Segev
Reapproaching Borders: New Perspectives on the Study of Israel-Palestine, Sandy Sufian and Mark Levine
https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1929-hebron-massacre-begins-1.5427655
https://www.jpost.com/features/in-thespotlight/this-week-in-history-the-1929-hebron-massacre
City of Abraham, Edward Platt
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-hebron-massacre-of-1929
http://en.hebron.org.il/history/713
Israel: A History, Martin Gilbert
The Clai… Lees meer -
Kastner Trial: The Weight of a Choice
12 april 2022 · 42 min
UIH survey here: https://jewishunpacked.com/uihsurvey
~~~~
It’s January of 1954 and the Attorney General v. Gruenwald case, AKA the Kastner trial, has begun. This was seemingly an open and shut libel case between an elderly Hungarian Jew and Israeli government official, Israel Rudolph Kastner. Yet somehow the trial caused a government fallout, brought David Ben-Gurion out of retirement and led to Israel’s first political assassination. In this episode, Noam explores what exactly Kastner was guilty of and how to grapple with the impossible choices he faced at the hands of the Nazis. ~~~~ This season of Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Barbara Sommer & Alan Fisher, and Marci & Andrew Spitzer, and this episode is generously sponsored by the Jewish Federation of Northeastern New York, and the Tampa Jewish Federation. ~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about Black Saturday: https://jewishunpacked.com/black-saturday-how-far-would-you-go-for-a-homeland/
~~~~
Bibliography: https://jewishunpacked.com/the-kastner-trial-why-a-jew-who-saved-many-was-put-on-trial-for-working-with-the-nazis/ Lees meer -
New Season Coming!
2 maart 2022 · 4 min
We are deep in the weeds prepping Season 3 of Unpacking Israeli History, and, dear listeners, you’re going to love it. As in past seasons, we’ll be exploring exciting, intense, and complicated topics. Stay tuned, and brush up on past episodes. Yalla, let’s do this. Lees meer
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Black Saturday: How Far Would You Go For A Homeland?
14 oktober 2021 · 42 min
This is the story of the men and women who brought us our state. Who ran guns, defended settlements, defied the Mandatory Powers that Be, smuggled shell-shocked refugees into their homeland… and who disagreed with each other mightily about the best way to wrench their homeland back from a dying empire. In this episode, the last of Season 2, Noam tells the story of Black Saturday and asks, how far would we have gone to bring about the State of Israel? ~~~~
Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller, and this episode is generously sponsored by Yoni and Lisa Wintner.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about the Altalena: https://jewishunpacked.com/the-altalena-israels-almost-civil-war/
~~~~
www.youtube.com/watch?v=vsw_q5vO9hY
http://hebrewsongs.com/?song=shirhapalmach
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/quot-my-heart-is-in-the-east-quot-yehuda-halevi
https://etzel.org.il/
Sasson Sofer, Zionism and the Foundations of Israeli Diplomacy
Anita Shapira, Ben-Gurion: Father of Modern Israel
Daniel Gordis, Menachem Begin: The Battle for Israel's Soul
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmYyPcEQKU4
https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20establishment%20of%20state%20of%20israel.aspx
Thurston Clark, By Blood and Fire Lees meer -
Oslo: The Peace That Wasn't
7 oktober 2021 · 43 min
By January 1993, the Israelis and the Palestinians had opened secret negotiations, culminating in the Oslo Accords, a series of agreements between Israel and the PLO, as the representatives of the Palestinians. So, what was Oslo? What is its legacy? How did the Israeli public, including the settlement leadership, view Oslo? What about the Palestinians? And, what lessons can we learn from this haunting story? ~~~~
Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller, and this episode is generously sponsored by Yoni and Lisa Wintner, Beverly and Blake Lorenz, and Dr. Neil and Pam Weissman.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about Baruch Goldstein: https://jewishunpacked.com/baruch-goldstein-legacy-of-a-massacre/
Unpacking Israeli History about Rabin's assassination: https://jewishunpacked.com/the-assassination-of-yitzchak-rabin/
Unpacking Israeli History about UN Resolution 3379: https://jewishunpacked.com/is-zionism-racism-un-resolution-3379/
~~~~
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T8CFL6gHgxI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yD0YmVwYJpA
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1989-1992/madrid-conference
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-original-palestine-national-charter-1964
Rise and Kill First, by Ronen Bergman
https://www.adl.org/education/resources/glossary-terms/the-oslo-accords-oslo-process
https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/declaration%20of%20principles.aspx
https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/the%20israeli-palestinian%20interim%20agreement%20-%20main%20p.aspx
https://iris.org.il/arafats-johannesburg-speech/
https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1994/05/26/arafats-loose-lips/ffd735a8-fe5f-4172-87fa-a77b4261c820/
https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/yasser-arafat-a-fake-hero-a-lord-of-corruption/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=deskt… Lees meer -
Sabra and Shatila: What Happened And Why It Matters
30 september 2021 · 39 min
The story of Sabra and Shatila is a horrifying one. A paramilitary Lebanese group massacres between 800 and 2,000 refugees, many in horrifying ways. And oddly...Israel is blamed for this awful, awful crime? This week, Noam will break down the confusing and upsetting story of Sabra and Shatila, and in doing so, will ask, how does a nation deal with power and responsibility? ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller, and this episode is generously sponsored by Yoni & Lisa Wintner.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Unpacking Israeli History about the Munich Olympics: https://jewishunpacked.com/munich-olympics-when-terrorism-won/
Unpacking Israeli History about the disengagement from Gaza: https://jewishunpacked.com/gush-katif-when-jews-expelled-jews/
~~~~
Sources
https://vimeo.com/548669557/description?fbclid=IwAR1NbzDCIl4kiYn8oWh64SkeGk8ABA45E2ulvx87AIz_SBM_JTuTd8vZ5M4
https://web.archive.org/web/20101130144018/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/pid/12363
https://www.thoughtco.com/black-september-jordanian-plo-civil-war-2353168
https://web.archive.org/web/20131019222951/http://legal.un.org/repertory/art98/english/rep_supp5_vol5-art98_e.pdf#pagemode=none
https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jul/19/lebanon.israelandthepalestinians
https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/terrorism/palestinian/pages/the%20kuntar%20file%20exposed%20-%20yediot%20aharonot%2014-jul-2008.aspx
https://www.nytimes.com/2003/02/25/world/shlomo-argov-73-ex-israeli-envoy-his-shooting-prompted-an-invasion.html
https://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/history/pages/operation%20peace%20for%20galilee%20-%201982.aspx
https://www.jstor.org/stable/4284144
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicianism
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6932786.stm
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/background-and-overview-of-first-lebanon-war
ht… Lees meer -
Does Israel Represent All Jews?: The Great Debate
23 september 2021 · 30 min
A tension between Israeli and diaspora Jewry has been obvious since the founding of the state. And nowhere was that more apparent than in the epic exchanges between philanthropist Jacob Blaustein and Prime Minister David Ben Gurion. In this episode, Noam shows how their debate both animated and clarified so much about the divide between Diaspora Jewish leadership and Israeli Jewish leadership - even today. ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller, and this episode is generously sponsored by Yoni & Lisa Wintner.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/relationship-counseling-israel-and-the-diaspora/
Unpacking Israeli History about German reparations: https://jewishunpacked.com/the-great-debate-around-german-reparations/
Unpacking Israeli History about Entebbe: https://jewishunpacked.com/operation-thunderbolt-the-raid-on-entebbe/
Unpacking Israeli History about Operation Solomon: https://jewishunpacked.com/ingathering-of-exiles-from-ethiopia-to-israel/
~~~~
Sources
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/id/f40eb209-80a3-47c3-bc0d-106f6413103a/628405.pdf
In Vigilant Brotherhood: The American Jewish Committee
My Life, Golda Meir’s autobiography
Ben-Gurion: Father of Modern Israel, Anita Shapira
~~~~
Unpacked is a division of OpenDor Media Lees meer -
The Story Of Israel's Black Panthers
9 september 2021 · 32 min
The modern country of Israel is a country of immigrants, and many are Mizrahi, ie Jews from North Africa and the Middle East. They came, often running for their lives, from countries like Yemen, Morocco, Iraq, Egypt, and Syria, where they had lived -- and often, been oppressed. In this episode, Noam confronts the difficult history of the Mizrahi integration into Israel, and the formation of the Panterim Shchorim movement that emerged from that painful period. ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
See more about the Yemenite Children Affair: https://unpacked.education/the-yemenite-children-affair-unpacked/
See more on Mizrahi culture: https://unpacked.education/video/mizrachi-music/ https://unpacked.education/video/how-mizrahi-music-took-over-israeli-pop/
See the full season of Unpacking Israeli History here: https://jewishunpacked.com/podcast-series/unpacking-israeli-history/
~~~~
Sources
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/immigrants-to-israel-1948-1952
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vA2q9yyLlX4https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.5280465 https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt21h4xqw.9?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contentshttps://www.haaretz.com/jewish/1.5280465https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3316015,00.html https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-this-haifa-quarter-symbolizes-dispossession-first-of-palestinians-then-of-jews-1.8187863 https://www.jta.org/1960/01/22/archive/leader-of-haifa-riots-released-from-jail-under-presidential-amnesty https://books.google.com/books?id=YxJbEgx6X8kC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q=Musrara&f=falsehttps://www.pbs.org/hueypnewton/actions/actions_platform.html https://sci-hub.se/https://doi.org/10.5325/studamerjewilite.35.1.0077 https://www.jta.org/1969/02/24/archive/jerusalem-supersol-re-opens-for-business-2-young-bombing-victims-are-bu… Lees meer -
The Great Debate Around German Reparations
2 september 2021 · 30 min
Begin and Ben Gurion had some epics battles, but one of the biggest ones happened in 1952, as these two Israeli giants battled about whether to take German reparations after the Holocaust. In this episode, Noam looks all the way back at this crazy story, and leaves us asking, who was right? ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
See the full season of Unpacking Israeli History here: https://jewishunpacked.com/podcast-series/unpacking-israeli-history/
~~~~
Sources
https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for-reparations/361631/
https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/ta-nehisi-coates-reparations.html
https://getyarn.io/yarn-clip/67de380e-8b71-412c-8d06-70af9b31da25
https://www.ushmm.org/exhibition/displaced-persons/daily2.htm
https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israel-breaks-50-year-record-for-most-rainfall-613693
tastecooking.com/truth-israeli-couscous/
https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/144226014.pdf
https://www.npr.org/2019/03/07/700356426/thousands-of-israelis-now-call-berlin-home-and-make-their-cultural-mark
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/labor-and-internment-camps-in-north-africa
https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110255386.100/html
http://auschwitz.org/en/history/punishments-and-executions/
https://blog.nli.org.il/en/reparations-agreement/
https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/28248/1001729.pdf?sequence=1
https://www.aicgs.org/2019/11/the-september-1952-reparations-agreement-between-west-germany-and-israel-the-beginning-of-a-remarkable-friendship/
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/german-holocaust-reparations
Menachem Begin: The Battle for Israel's Soul, by Danny Gordis
Ben-Gurion: Father of Modern Israel, Anita Shapira
~~~~
Unpacked is a division of OpenDor Media Lees meer -
Is Zionism…Racism?: UN Resolution 3379
27 augustus 2021 · 30 min
On Nov 10, 1975, the UN General Assembly passed Resolution 3379, determining that Zionism is "a form of racism and racial discrimination.” That’s quite a loaded description! In this episode, Noam Weissman breaks down what led to this infamous resolution, the UN’s relationship with Israel, and what it means to us, almost 50 years later. ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller. ~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/un-resolution-3379-is-zionism-racism/
~~~~
Sources
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Dlr1ioQIxa4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qpC2HdL-95M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uv8Hqlubst4&t=44s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7chKW7H6s8M
https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/761C1063530766A7052566A2005B74D1
https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-nostalgic-for-the-ussr-on-the-kibbutzim-1.5233153
https://www.marxists.org/subject/jewish/caution-zionism.pdf
https://www.jta.org/1952/10/07/archive/bonn-charges-ussr-exports-nazi-anti-semitic-films-to-arabs
Sachar, A History of the Jews in the Modern World
http://proceedings.informingscience.org/InSITE2019/InSITE19p035-070Cohen5666.pdf
https://mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/the%20khartoum%20resolutions.aspx
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo
https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB106419296113226300
https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/642340?ln=en
https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1973/10/23/issue.html
https://content.ecf.org.il/files/M00901_UNGARes3379DebateEnglish.pdf
https://www.jta.org/1975/11/12/archive/kristallnacht-at-the-united-nations-100000-in-rally-to-protest-against-anti-zionist-resolution-mass
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FuJXdAvPCrU&t=252s
https://unwatch.org/moynihans-moment-the-historic-1975-u-n-s… Lees meer -
Dimona: Israel's "Secret" Nuclear Option
19 augustus 2021 · 39 min
Have you heard about Israel's secret nuclear weapons in Dimona? Yeah, we haven't either. In this episode, Noam digs deep into how Israel's not-so-secret nuclear program came to be, and asks, does the nuclear program make Israel safer? ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/unpacking-operation-solomon-30-years-later/
~~~~
Sources
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.2968/066004008
https://journals.sagepub.com/na101/home/literatum/publisher/sage/journals/content/bosb/2010/bosb_66_4/066004008/20170817/images/large/10.2968_066004008-img2.jpeg
https://americanhistory.si.edu/subs/history/timeline/different/nuclear_deterrence.html
https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia/The-Khrushchev-era-1953-64
https://books.google.com/books?id=si1oUnk5N3QC&pg=PA61#v=onepage&q&f=false
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/background-and-overview-israel-war-of-independence
https://gould.usc.edu/why/students/orgs/ilj/assets/docs/18-1%20Seidman.pdf
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/israel-studies-an-anthology-israel-s-economy:
https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/first/c/cohen-israel.html
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Suez-Canal
https://books.google.com/books?id=jGtVsBne7PgC
https://www.jstor.org/stable/30245572?seq=1
https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/france
https://fas.org/nuke/guide/israel/nuke/
https://www.atomicheritage.org/history/israeli-nuclear-program
jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/jfk-in-history/nuclear-test-ban-treaty
https://nsarchive2.gwu.edu/israel/documents/reveal/index.html
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium.MAGAZINE-how-a-standoff-with-the-u-s-almost-blew-up-israel-s-nuclear-program-1.7193419?v=1623033435057
https://nsarchive.… Lees meer -
Ingathering of Exiles: From Ethiopia to Israel
12 augustus 2021 · 33 min
You might have heard of the Beta Israel, the community of Israel’s Ethiopian community. In this episode, Noam Weissman tells their story - not only their rich Jewish heritage and history, but also the story of how they got to Israel, in Operation Solomon, and their integration into Israeli society over the last thirty years. It’s thrilling, inspiring, but also complicated, and difficult at times. In other words, it’s a microcosm of the entire state of Israel, and the Jewish community the world over. ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/unpacking-operation-solomon-30-years-later/
~~~~
Sources
https://www.timesofisrael.com/after-backlash-barkan-winery-says-ethiopian-workers-to-work-as-usual/
https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/05/11/10-key-findings-about-jewish-americans/ft_2021-05-11_jewishkeyfindings_01/
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-32813056
https://www.britannica.com/topic/Beta-Israel
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-history-of-ethiopian-jewry/
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/timeline-of-ethiopian-jewish-history
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/who-are-the-ethiopian-jews
https://minorityrights.org/minorities/beta-israel/
https://tamidnyc.org/passover-around-world/
https://www.timesofisrael.com/outcry-as-barkan-winery-shuns-ethiopian-workers-over-doubts-of-their-jewishness/
https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1996-07-29-1996211101-story.html
https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/ethiopian-jewry-no-longer-a-lost-tribe/
https://www.jpost.com/opinion/op-ed-contributors/rabbi-ovadia-yosef-and-the-ethiopian-jews-328178
https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/sites/default/files/public/halakhah/teshuvot/19861990/saltzman_ethiopian.pd… Lees meer -
Operation Thunderbolt: The Raid on Entebbe
5 augustus 2021 · 34 min
When Air France Flight 139 took off from Tel Aviv on the morning of June 27th, 1976, no one could have suspected that the soon-to-be-hijacked flight was about to lead to one of the world's most daring and risky rescue missions. In the first episode of season two, Noam Weissman unpacked Operation Thunderbolt, Israel's successful secret operation to rescue the passengers, and asks, does this story have enduring lessons for us today? ~~~~ Unpacking Israeli History is generously sponsored by Alan Fisher and Barbara Sommer, and Jon and Rachie Teller. This episode is generously sponsored by Marci and Alex S. Kaufman.
~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/ Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/operation-thunderbolt-entebbe/
~~~~
Sources
https://www.amazon.com/Skies-Belong-Us-Terror-Hijacking/dp/0307886115 Lees meerhttps://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/sept11/2001/10/01/elal-usat.htm#more
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1578183.stm
https://www.npr.org/2019/03/30/708229313/opinion-remembering-pilot-michel-bacos-hero-of-the-1976-entebbe-hijacking
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-lod-massacre
https://www.haaretz.com/1.5353488
https://www.amazon.com/Entebbe-Balfour-Books-Iddo-Netanyahu-ebook/dp/B003ZUYQG6/ https://www.amazon.com/Operation-Thunderbolt-Entebbe-Airport-Audacious/dp/0316245399/
http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/7/newsid_2496000/2496095.stm)
http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1377-1976-08-KS-a-RCW.pdf
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3qkquLvk6g
https://www.jpost.com/Diplomacy-and-Politics/Analysis-Israel-and-Kenya-blood-ties-326880
https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/11701064/Israels-raid-on-Entebbe-was-almost-a-disaster.html
https://www.airforcemag.com/PDF/MagazineArchive/Documents/2010/December%202010/1210entebbe.pdf
https://www…
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Introducing: This Week Unpacked
16 juni 2021 · 21 min
Presenting: This Week Unpacked.
Unpacking Israeli History is all about excavating the past, but my colleagues at Unpacked have been working on a new podcast, one that I think will really complement this one. Each week, my colleagues Sara and Avi will be diving deep into something going on in the contemporary Jewish and Israeli world (and in only 15 minutes!).
In a world that is hyper polarized and partisan, we take a different approach, and frankly, I hope it’s refreshing. Have a listen to last week’s episode, which is all about understanding the coalition that Bennett and Lapid put together this week. And make sure to subscribe wherever you get your podcasts.
~~~~
The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
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What The Heck Is Going On In Israel?
24 mei 2021 · 6 min
The news coming out of Israel is scaring and confusing all of us. Is Sheikh Jarrah a housing dispute, or something bigger? Who is responsible for the protests and riots all over the country? Why are thousands of rockets being launched, and what does it mean for the region? What is going on??
Here at Unpacking Israeli History, we’re here to make sense of the present by exploring the past. Our goal is always to explore the questions of Israeli history — to really get to know the stories, including the confusing grey areas, and to make meaning of the present. To be transparent, and give the real context to the complicated, messy world of Israel, which has a few warts perhaps, but is also full of wonders. Only with that nuanced approach will we really understand Israeli history, and only when we understand that history will we be able to understand the very textured Israeli present.
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The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill
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Gaza Strip and Gush Katif: When Jews Expelled Jews
15 december 2020 · 29 min
In the final episode of the season, Noam Weissman delves into one of the most divisive events in Israel’s history — the disengagement from the Gaza Strip. He looks at the historical context, the political and religious debate leading up to the pull-out, the trauma it caused for Israelis, the effect that the disengagement had on the peace process and whether the results were worth the suffering it caused. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill
This episode is sponsored by Dr. Neil and Pam Weissman
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/ Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/israels-disengagement-from-gaza/
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Sources Lees meerhttps://www.haaretz.com/1.4682702
https://www.jewishhistory.org/sinai-again/
http://www.itamarrabinovich.tau.ac.il/publications/127-bold-decisions-three-israeli-prime-ministers-who-went-against-their-grain.html
https://www.haaretz.com/1.4682702
http://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/5347
https://www.jta.org/1978/09/27/archive/behind-the-headlines-the-fate-of-yamit
https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Former-chief-of-staff-Ariel-Sharon-designed-Gaza-disengagement-to-save-West-Bank-settlements-412213
https://www.jpost.com/Arab-Israeli-Conflict/Former-chief-of-staff-Ariel-Sharon-designed-Gaza-disengagement-to-save-West-Bank-settlements-412213
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/gaza-disengagement/
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/gz.html
https://www.terrorism-info.org.il/en/18536/
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1993-2000/oslo
https://imeu.org/article/what-is-the-palestinian-authority
https://www.counterpunch.org/2005/07/09/the-war-of-the-colors-in-israel/
https://reason.com/archives/2005/07/08/israels-color-war
https://www.timesofisrael.com/housing-prices-continue-upward-…
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The Second Intifada: Trauma and Tragedy
8 december 2020 · 27 min
To appreciate the current Israeli and Palestinian psyches, it’s vital to understand the first five years of the 21st century — the period of the Second Intifada. Noam Weissman gets to the heart of the issue and asks why this serious attempt at peace between Israel and the Palestinians ended in one of the bloodiest periods in the history of the Arab-Israeli conflict, and how the effects of those defining years are still felt to this day. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry GillThis episode is sponsored by Dr. Neil and Pam Weissman ~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/ Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/the-second-intifada/
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Sources:
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/background-and-overview-of-al-aqsa-intifada
https://web.archive.org/web/20050310043812/http://jewishweek.org/news/newscontent.php3?artid=3846
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qb5fIP-MfAc
https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Arafat-ordered-Hamas-attacks-against-Israel-in-2000-189574
https://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Suha-Arafat-admits-husband-premeditated-Intifada
https://www.timesofisrael.com/we-were-in-a-craze-to-see-blood/
https://web.archive.org/web/20150526210520/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4570672.html
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/background-and-overview-of-israel-s-security-fence
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-mohammed-al-dura-case
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm
https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/nea/rls/22698.htm
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-middle-east-quartet
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_map_for_peace
http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3677206.stm
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-temple-mount#aksa
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The assassination of Yitzchak Rabin
1 december 2020 · 27 min
The assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzchak Rabin on November 4th, 1995 remains one of the most difficult moments in Israeli history and in modern Jewish history. Join Noam Weissman as he dives into Rabin’s life and legacy and unpacks how the assassination and its aftermath continues to affect Israeli society. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill
This episode is sponsored by Dr. Neil and Pam Weissman
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/the-life-and-assassination-of-yitzhak-rabin/
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Sources
https://www.biography.com/people/yitzhak-rabin-37246
http://www.itamarrabinovich.tau.ac.il/books/136-yitzhak-rabin-soldier-leader-statesman.html
https://mosaicmagazine.com/observation/2017/07/benzion-netanyahu-the-altalena-and-me/
http://www.rabincenter.org.il/Items/02027/biography_eng.pdf
https://www.destination-innovation.com/raid-entebbe-tale-two-leaders/
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-searching-for-rabin-s-legacy-1.5415058
http://www.rabincenter.org.il/Items/01104/clinton.pdf
http://www.rabincenter.org.il/Items/01105/hussein.pdf
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/the-legacy-of-yitzhak-rabin/
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-searching-for-rabin-s-legacy-1.5415058
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Baruch Goldstein: Legacy of a Massacre
24 november 2020 · 28 min
On the festival of Purim in 1994, Israeli-American doctor Baruch Goldstein opened fire in the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron, killing 29 Muslim worshippers. Condemnation was swift and decisive, but among the voices of dismay and repulsion were those who supported Goldstein’s actions and honored him after his death. Noam Weissman explores the background of the massacre, the events that followed and asks important questions about Jewish terrorism. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill ~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked
Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/jewish-terrorism/
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Sources
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/rabbi-meir-kahane
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/baruch-goldstein/
https://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/199475-kahanes-legacy
https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/26/world/west-bank-massacre-overview-least-40-slain-west-bank-israeli-fires-into-mosque.html
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/baruch-goldstein/&sa=D&ust=1593683350149000&usg=AFQjCNGzl-HI0aywtblTi6icFZ0By5_JBA
https://www.jta.org/1994/02/28/archive/murders-at-hebron-mosque-prompt-violence-shame-shock-and-sorrow
https://www.nytimes.com/1994/03/01/nyregion/west-bank-massacre-reaction-sad-angry-fearful-voices-arab-americans-american.html
https://content.jerusalemu.org/e/634291/nation-prime-minister-rabin-zl/5fnlm/53770816?h=V1aKbAjcIlbpBEEjDPSqsqHeAyL-joH3qU3A_wMf254
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZknF8rF7Wtw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZknF8rF7Wtw
https://www.tabletmag.com/sections/israel-middle-east/articles/the-mystery-of-baruch-goldstein
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The First Intifada: A Grassroots Movement
17 november 2020 · 20 min
The First Intifada, or uprising, differed greatly from the intense violence and bloodshed seen in the Second Intifada. Even without the same level of violence, the events from 1987-1993 completely altered Israeli history. Noam Weissman asks what caused the Intifada, how it shifted the Arab-Israeli relationship and why it changed Israel’s reputation on the global stage forever. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea & Larry Gill ~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/ Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/what-was-the-first-intifada/
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Sources:
https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/09/world/arafat-guerrillas-forced-out-of-beirut.html?mtrref=www.google.com
https://www.thenational.ae/arts-culture/the-death-of-arab-secularism-1.589937
http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo/his_periods9.html
https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-presbyterian-church-bds-and-that-largely-non-violent-first-intifada/
https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-first-intifada-a-watershed-moment-1.5272288
https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/IT-HAS-BEEN-30-YEARS-SINCE-THE-OUTBREAK-OF-THE-FIRST-INTIFADA-532851
https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-journey-back-to-the-first-intifada-1.5272270
https://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4678530,00.html
https://www.jpost.com/Magazine/IT-HAS-BEEN-30-YEARS-SINCE-THE-OUTBREAK-OF-THE-FIRST-INTIFADA-532851
https://www.jta.org/1989/11/07/archive/idf-furloughs-officer-for-beatings
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/yasser-arafat#8
https://www.brookings.edu/on-the-record/is-yasser-arafat-a-credible-partner-for-peace/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Terrorist_attacks_against_Israelis_in_the_1970s
https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-first-intifada-a-watershed-moment-1.5272288
https://www.knesset.gov.il/faction/eng/FactionPage_eng.asp?PG=21
https://www.haaretz.com/.premium-first-intifada-a-watershed-m… Lees meer -
The Yom Kippur War: A National Catastrophe
10 november 2020 · 26 min
After the victory of the Six-Day War in 1967, it seemed like Israel was invincible. Less than a decade later, the country was taken by surprise by the outbreak of war on Yom Kippur 1973. Noam Weissman explores why — despite warnings — Israel’s leadership seemed so unprepared, why America urged Israel not to attack first and why this national catastrophe ultimately led to a strengthening of relationships with both the U.S. and Egypt. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/ Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/the-yom-kippur-war-when-israel-almost-fell/ https://unpacked.education/video/the-yom-kippur-war-how-israel-turned-the-tide/
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Sources:
https://www.history.com/topics/middle-east/yom-kippur-war
https://mwi.usma.edu/timeless-lessons-october-1973-arab-israeli-war/
https://books.google.com/books?id=n_9gIR6Fi3UC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Yom+Kippur&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjo2Mn7psPWAhWqhlQKHRX4C8kQ6AEIKDAA#v=snippet&q=We%E2%80%99ll%20have%20one%20hundred%20tanks%20against%20&f=false
http://www.jewishagency.org/secret-service/content/25324
https://erenow.com/modern/israel-concise-history-nation-reborn/15.php
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-24402464
https://www.google.com/url?q=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/151161087.pdf&sa=D&ust=1593682967472000&usg=AFQjCNEOS_bqDj5L9vZ_6wc1JdAAWuiH4g
http://www.jewishagency.org/secret-service/content/25324
https://erenow.com/modern/israel-concise-history-nation-reborn/15.php
https://mosaicmagazine.com/picks/2018/09/the-yom-kippur-war-should-be-remembered-as-a-great-israeli-victory/
https://www.timesofisrael.com/the-yom-kippur-war-when-israels-arabs-didnt-rise-up/ Lees meer~~~~
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Munich Olympics: When Terrorism Won
3 november 2020 · 24 min
The 1972 Munich Olympics was supposed to showcase the face of the new Germany. Instead, the horrific death of 11 Israeli athletes — slaughtered as the world watched — marked a watershed moment in the Palestinian struggle and raises important questions about the power and effectiveness of terrorism. Join Noam Weissman as he explains the details of that day and what followed, and why the massacre at Munich was not just another 1970’s terrorist attack. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill This episode is sponsored by Jack and Ellen Kahan Zager in honor of Ala and Yoske (z”l) Brosh
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
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~~~~
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Eichmann: The Controversy of Justice
27 oktober 2020 · 21 min
You would have thought that bringing Nazis to justice would have been something the world could agree on, but the Mossad’s capture of the infamous Nazi Adolf Eichmann prompted a fiery international debate that proved otherwise. Noam Weissman explores the truth about the stranger-than-fiction capture of one of the architects of the Final Solution and debates the ethical and moral questions raised by Eichmann’s trial and subsequent execution by the State of Israel. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill This episode is sponsored by Liz and Moshe Naiman
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Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
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Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here https://unpacked.education/video/the-full-story-behind-operation-finale/
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Sources: Lees meerhttp://www.archives.gov.il/en/chapter/behind-scenes-eichmann-trial/
https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/norman-podhoretz/hannah-arendt-on-eichmanna-study-in-the-perversity-of-brilliance/https://www.haaretz.com/the-jew-who-tried-to-protect-eichmann-1.5305074?utm_campaign=Media%20Lab%20V2&utm_source=hs_email&utm_medium=email&_hsenc=p2ANqtz-_hpJD794ZD7zoxMBNqC2qPcqNG-wNHy3ICQYmUAwQescZas-uuSHA1r61vtgvHFbvpOiM9
http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/biographies/eichmann-biography.htm
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/eichmann/operation_eichmann.asp
http://time.com/5377670/operation-finale-adolf-eichmann-trial/
https://www.haaretz.com/the-jew-who-tried-to-protect-eichmann-1.5305074
https://www.haaretz.com/the-jew-who-tried-to-protect-eichmann-1.5305074
http://jcpa.org/article/the-eichmann-trial-and-american-jewry-a-reassessment/
https://www.yadvashem.org/yv/en/exhibitions/eichmann/awareness_of_the_holocaust.asp
https://jewishstudies.washington.edu/jewish-history-and-thought/why-do-hannah-arendts-ideas-about-evil-and-the-holocaust-still-matter/
https://mosaicmagazine.com/pick… -
Hatikvah: The Story Behind the Anthem
20 oktober 2020 · 22 min
Hatikvah, Israel’s national anthem, predates the establishment of the Jewish state by decades. Zionist leader Theodor Herzl hated it and many of Israel’s citizens refuse to sing it. So, how did this unlikely song take the national anthem top spot? What were the alternatives? And are there any plans to change it? Join Noam Weissman as he deconstructs the music, melody and meaning behind Hatikvah. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry GillThis episode is sponsored by Jack and Ellen Kahan Zager in honor of Ala and Yoske (z”l) Brosh ~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/
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Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/history-of-israels-national-anthem-does-hatikvah-mean-hope-for-all/
~~~~
Sources:
Song "Hatikva" version by Daniel Saadon - Instagram @daniel_saadon1995 Lees meerhttps://israelforever.org/interact/blog/hatikvah_song_of_hope_time_of_despair/
https://www.neaman.org.il/EN/Files/Hatikva-The%20Real%20Story%20behind%20Israels%20anthem.pdf
https://www.songfacts.com/facts/traditional/hatikvah
https://judaism.stackexchange.com/questions/2405/jewish-tunes-similar-to-non-jewish-ones
https://www.timesofisrael.com/rivlin-said-to-vow-he-will-sign-nation-state-law-in-arabic/
https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/hatikvah/
https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-an-unwieldy-romantic-poem-and-a-romanian-folk-song-combined-to-produce-hatikva/
https://www.timesofisrael.com/how-an-unwieldy-romantic-poem-and-a-romanian-folk-song-combined-to-produce-hatikva/
https://www.haaretz.com/1.5028325
https://www.haaretz.com/1.4817521
http://www.jewishledger.com/2013/04/hatikvah-in-the-holocaust/
https://www.jta.org/1944/11/28/archive/jewish-flyer-who-fled-german-prison-camp-tells-of-mistreatment-of-jews
http://www.thetower.org/article/hatikva-keeps-its-edge-despite-everything/
https://www.thetorah.com/articl… -
The Altalena: Israel’s (Almost) Civil War
13 oktober 2020 · 25 min
Just a month after its establishment, the State of Israel was on the brink of civil war, with two of its greatest leaders — David Ben Gurion and Menachem Begin — facing off in the ultimate power struggle. Noam Weissman unpacks an event that continues to reverberate through Israeli society to this day. Join him as he asks how the Zionist dream nearly imploded and who deserves the credit for ending one of the biggest crises in Israeli history. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry GillThis episode is sponsored by Jack and Ellen Kahan Zager in honor of Ala and Yoske (z”l) Brosh ~~~~
Learn more about Unpacked: https://jewishunpacked.com/about/ Visit Unpacked on YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/unpacked Teaching about this topic? Check out our relevant educator resources here: https://unpacked.education/video/the-ship-that-almost-sank-israel/
~~~~
Sources:
Daniel Gordis, Menachem Begin, The Battle For Israel’s Soul
Anita Shapira, Israel: A History
Itamar Rabinovitch, Yitzchak Rabin
Dan Ephron, Killing a King
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Deir Yassin: The Battle for Truth
6 oktober 2020 · 28 min
No incident in Israeli history has been more hotly contested than that of April 9, 1948, in the small Arab village of Deir Yassin. Noam Weissman tries to uncover what really happened on that fateful day and asks why, with so many battles, so much war and so many disputes, this event will haunt Israel forever. ~~~~ The Unpacking Israeli History Podcast series is sponsored by Andrea and Larry Gill
This episode is sponsored by Maytal and David Shainberg
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~~~~
Source Links Lees meerhttps://mfa.gov.il/mfa/aboutisrael/history/pages/israels%20war%20of%20independence%20-%201947%20-%201949.aspx
https://erenow.net/modern/israel-concise-history-nation-reborn/8.php
https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-capture-of-deir-yassin
https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/MAGAZINE-testimonies-from-the-censored-massacre-at-deir-yassin-1.5494094
https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2012/04/201249125656342960.html
https://besacenter.org/perspectives-papers/deir-yassin-nakba-war-crimes/
https://erenow.net/modern/israel-concise-history-nation-reborn/8.php
Nihad Zeitawi, edited by: Sharif Kana’a, Destroyed Palestinian villages, Series No. (4): Deir Yassin, Bir Zeit University – Documents and Research center, 1987, p.57
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