Alle afleveringen
239 afleveringen, van nieuw naar oud
-
Does identity matter? – The destruction of a city's identity
24 augustus 2018 · 1 uur 44 min
Part 1/3 of our 'Does identity matter?' series:
Evening Standard architecture critic Rob Bevan chairs a panel of experts exploring how a city’s identity can be pulled apart through various architectural and spatial interventions – looking at examples ranging from Tel Aviv's Shapira and Neve Sha'anan neighbourhoods to the former Ford factory in Dagenham. Lees meerSpeakers:
- Verity Jane Keefe (visual artist, working predominantly within the public realm)
- Dr Clare Melhuish (Director, UCL Urban Laboratory; an anthropologist specialising in architecture and the built environment)
- Maya Ober (founding editor, Depatriarchise Design, a practice-led research platform that examines the complicity of design in the reproduction of oppressive systems; scientific assistant, Institute of Industrial Design, HGK FHNW Basel)
- Rhiannon Williams (poet, MA Narrative Environments, Central St Martins)
- Rob Bevan (chair) – architecture critic at the Evening Standard, has written widely on identity, destruction and the cityThis event was organised in partnership with the London Festival of Architecture.
-
Work In Focus: 'Portrait Of T. S. Eliot' by Wyndham Lewis
1 augustus 2018 · 35 min
Catch up on this talk by Dr Nathan Waddell as he reveals the story of the controversial artist, writer and critic Wyndham Lewis, his relationship to T. S. Eliot and why his 1938 portrait of the littérateur was rejected by the Summer Exhibition.
-
Antony Gormley RA and Rowan Williams in conversation
17 juli 2018 · 1 uur 22 min
Catch up on this event from the Benjamin West Lecture Theatre: Antony Gormley RA and the former Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, debate the rich and intriguing relationship between theology and contemporary visual art.
-
Sites of sabotage: a history of protest
17 juli 2018 · 1 uur 22 min
100 years after women won the right to vote, Historic England and the RA present a panel discussion on the heritage value of places that have been targeted by protestors. How much historic value is there in sites that have witnessed political and social protest, and should this be recorded, shared and looked after? Lees meer
Speakers include:
Prof Krista Cowman – Professor of History and Director of Research, University of Lincoln; author of Women in British politics, c. 1689-1979
Emily Gee – London Planning Director, Historic England
Stewy – artist, author of life size stencils of psycho-geographically placed British icons, such as Mary on the Green
Rachel Cooke (chair) – journalist and author of Her Brilliant Career: Ten Extraordinary Women of the Fifties (2013)
-
"The successful artist?": Definers of success
3 juli 2018 · 1 uur 18 min
Panel discussion and part of "The Successful Artist?" programme. Lees meer
Is commercial success evidence of artistic achievement? Does fame or visibility equate to success? Who decides who is successful – the public, institutions, critics, peers or the artist themselves? What is the role of education for artistic achievement? How much of these factors can be determined by the artist?
Join artist Yinka Shonibare MBE RA, Head of the RA Schools, Eliza Bonham Carter, and the Director of Ikon Gallery Jonathan Watkins to discuss who and what defines an artist’s success today.
-
Curators' introduction: The Great Spectacle
3 juli 2018 · 59 min
For 250 years, the Summer Exhibition has provided thousands of artists with a crucial form of competition, inspiration and publicity. In anticipation of "The Great Spectacle", curators Professor Mark Hallett and Dr Sarah Turner select key works from the annual event, revealing its remarkable history and influence on British art. Lees meer
-
What is the future of digital technologies in the home?
20 juni 2018 · 1 uur 34 min
In association with our Invisible Landscapes project in the new Architecture Studio, Anna Puigjaner of Barcelona-based architecture practice MAIO explores the impact that smart technologies like Alexa and sharing economy platforms like Airbnb and Deliveroo are having on our domestic spaces. Lees meer
-
Miles Aldridge's lecture at the 2018 London Original Print Fair
4 juni 2018 · 1 uur
Catch up with this talk by acclaimed photographer and artist Miles Aldridge, discussing his career and new project at the 2018 London Original Print Fair.
-
How did Charles I's queen influence his art collection?
4 juni 2018 · 55 min
Catch up with this talk from Dr Erin Griffey, exploring Queen Henrietta Maria's assertive, sophisticated and fashionable influence on one of England's most infamous art collections. Henrietta's influence on art at the Stuart court has traditionally been downplayed as a portrait subject, but she also played an active role in the court masque, the luxury trade and the visual arts and was a patron and a director of display in her palaces. Lees meer
-
What's next for the RA's Urban Jigsaw projects?
4 juni 2018 · 1 uur 12 min
Catch up with this event exploring how the projects submitted for the Royal Academy’s Urban Jigsaw competition have developed over the last two years. Lees meer
In 2015, the Royal Academy ran a competition calling for architects to come up with creative uses for London’s brownfield sites. We asked for ideas that were innovative, imaginative, research driven and, ultimately, capable of realising the potential of these missing pieces of London’s urban jigsaw. The resulting projects offered new infrastructure, housing, community projects, creative studios, and proposed a new typology for courthouses and the administration of justice.
This event invites back three of the finalists, Alma-nac, Atelier Kite, and Chetwoods Architects, to discuss their ideas and their relevance to the capital two years on.
-
How does time change our relationship to architecture?
4 juni 2018 · 1 uur 44 min
Catch up with this discussion exploring how architecture is sensitive to time – from the intimately felt rhythms of the body, changeable urban currents, or slow everyday practices that influence how we experience architecture spatially, to the ways in which the physicality of a building, city or landscape is altered over time. Lees meer
Speakers:
Steve Chance – architect, founder of Chance De Silva, a practice set up to explore the possibilities of architecture in interaction with other participants. Their recent collaboration with Scanner, Vex House, has been shortlisted for the AJ House of the Year Award.
Carol Mavor – writer, academic, and filmmaker who has published widely on photography, cinema, colour and childhood. She is the author of the film Fairy Tale Still Almost Blue which will also be screened during the event.
Robin Rimbaud (Scanner) – artist working on the experimental terrain between sound and space. Active in sonic art, producing concerts, installations and recordings, Scanner has scored a number of critically acclaimed pieces such as the Narnia ballet (2015), Philips Wake-Up Light (2009), and the re-opening of the Stedelijk Museum among others.
-
Technology is the answer, but what was the question?
31 mei 2018 · 1 uur 28 min
Catch up with this panel discussion exploring the impact of digital technologies on architecture, and the questions this raises for cities and society. Lees meer
Speakers:
Kate Davies and Liam Young (Unknown Fields) – a nomadic design studio that ventures out on expeditions to the ends of the earth; to bear witness to alternative worlds, alien landscapes, industrial ecologies and precarious wilderness
Lara Lesmes – architect, teacher at the Architectural Association, and co-director of Space Popular
Alastair Parvin – strategic designer, civic entrepreneur, 00; co-founder, Wikihouse Foundation
Edwin Heathcote (chair) – architecture and design critic, Financial Times; editor, Reading Design
Respondents:
Anna Puigjaner – architect, tutor at the RCA, and co-founder of MAIO studio, commissioned to design the first project at the Architecture Studio as part of the RA's Invisible Landscapes installation. -
Do we live in a senseable city?
31 mei 2018 · 1 uur 31 min
Catch up with this talk from architect and engineer Carlo Ratti, discussing how the layers of networks and digital information in urban space are radically transforming how we understand and design cities.
-
Can we live on Mars?
24 mei 2018 · 1 uur 18 min
Catch up with this discussion on architecture in outer space, in which a panel of experts explores the questions extra-terrestrial living raises for technology as an industry and humanity as a whole. Lees meer
Speakers:
Rachel Armstrong – professor of Experimental Architecture at Newcastle University, and author of Star Ark: A Living, Self-Sustaining Spaceship
Irene Gallou – Head of the Specialist Modelling Group at Foster+Partners
Jorge Mañes Rubio – artist at the Advanced Concepts Team, European Space Agency (ESA) and designer of The Moon Temple
Victor Buchli (chair) – Professor of Material Culture, UCL; author of An Archaeology of the Immaterial; editor of Home Cultures
-
Kay Fisker: forgotten master of architecture
23 mei 2018 · 1 uur 19 min
Catch up with this in-depth discussion about the often overlooked work of the Danish architect, educator and writer Kay Fisker and find out more about his revolutionary contribution to housing design.
-
Artwork in focus: ‘The Royal Academy of Arts’ after Johan Zoffany
23 mei 2018 · 55 min
Catch up with this talk by Robin Simon, editor of the new book ‘The Royal Academy: History and Collections’, as he reveals the inside story of Johan Zoffany’s 1772 masterpiece.
-
Artwork in focus: Anthony van Dyck's portrait of Charles I
23 mei 2018 · 1 uur 6 min
Catch up with this talk by Desmond Shawe-Taylor, Surveyor of The Queen’s Pictures at the Royal Collection, as he discusses 'Charles I (Le Roi à la chasse)'. The painting is one of the most emphatically understated of Van Dyck’s royal portraits, yet one of the most significant in Charles I’s collection. Lees meer
-
Artwork in focus: Physical Energy by George Watts
23 mei 2018 · 1 uur 4 min
Catch up with this talk by Dr Nicholas Tromans, Curator of Watts Gallery, to hear about one of the most ambitious and dramatic sculptures of the 19th century.
-
International architects: Gramazio Kohler
23 mei 2018 · 1 uur 20 min
Catch up with a talk from architect Matthias Kohler as he discusses the work of his practice Gramazio Kohler, how we are approaching a digital building culture, and his work combining architectural design with robotic technology and innovative material research. Lees meer
-
Feminist futures: automated environments and women's work
3 april 2018 · 1 uur 25 min
Catch up with this panel discussion exploring how architecture can help to create inclusive, liveable, and socially aware cities that embrace the full gender spectrum in an age of robotisation.
-
A history of women in the RA's Life Room
3 april 2018 · 52 min
Catch up with a talk from Annette Wickham, Curator of Works on Paper at the RA, uncovering the militant campaigns, changing attitudes and evolution of the professional female artist.
-
Sarah Pickstone and Rommi Smith discuss Angelica Kauffman
3 april 2018 · 57 min
Catch up on this conversation between Sarah Pickstone and poet and playwright Rommi Smith as they discuss Pickstone’s latest painting installation and her research into the life and work of Angelica Kauffman RA.
-
Feminist futures: the power of moving image
3 april 2018 · 1 uur 2 min
Catch up with this panel discussion from artists Sutapa Biswas, Jessy Jetpacks and Zadie Xa as they discuss how they use moving image in their art and its potential for structural change. Chaired by broadcaster, film-maker and journalist Bidisha.
-
Short stories with Pin Drop and Graham Swift
3 april 2018 · 1 uur 7 min
Catch up on an evening of short fiction written and read by Man Booker Prize-winning author Graham Swift, including his short story 'Haematology' from his critically acclaimed collection 'England & Other Stories'.
-
A closer look at Salvador Dalí's ‘Christ of Saint John of the Cross’
21 februari 2018 · 1 uur 1 min
Catch up with this talk from Dr Fiona Bradley, Director of The Fruitmarket Gallery, Edinburgh, as she discusses one of Dalí’s most famous and best loved paintings in the context of the artist's iconography of Port Lligat (the landscape of his home), Gala (his wife) and above all – himself. Lees meer
-
Architecture and gender: Andrés Jaque and Nina Power in conversation
20 februari 2018 · 1 uur 24 min
Catch up with this talk exploring how the aesthetics of architecture are shaped in response to gender issues. Lees meer
Speakers:
Andrés Jaque – architect and founder of the Office for Political Innovation, Professor at Columbia University and Visiting Professor at Princeton University
Nina Power – philosopher and cultural critic, Senior Lecturer in Philosophy at University of Roehampton, and author of One-Dimensional Woman and many articles on European philosophy, politics and culture
-
An introduction to our exhibition, 'Charles I: King and Collector'
12 februari 2018 · 1 uur 2 min
Catch up with a talk from curator Per Rumberg as he introduces the significant artists and masterpieces in our exhibition reuniting the extraordinary art collection of Charles I.
-
Provocations in art: the erotic
12 februari 2018 · 1 uur 6 min
Catch up on this talk, exploring how 20th century artists have used eroticism in their work, and why it continues to challenge viewers and provoke controversy today. Lees meer
Speakers:
Dr Alyce Mahon, Reader in Modern and Contemporary Art History, University of Cambridge, is a specialist in modern and contemporary art and their erotic politics.
Rowan Pelling, editor of The Amorist and former editor of The Erotic Review.
Adham Faramawy, artist and RA Schools alumnus.
Dr Shahidha Bari, Senior Lecturer in Romanticism, Queen Mary University of London & Fellow of Forum for European Philosophy, London School of Economics
-
Short Stories with Pin Drop and Lisa Dwan
12 februari 2018 · 49 min
Catch up with critically acclaimed actress Lisa Dwan reading from ‘Foirades/Fizzles’ by Samuel Beckett, a unique collection of short prose published in collaboration with Jasper Johns in 1972. Lees meer
Please note that for copyright reasons, we have only included a short excerpt of Lisa Dwan's reading of ‘Foirades/Fizzles’.
-
Fictional landscapes and alternative realities in architecture
8 februari 2018 · 1 uur 8 min
Catch up with out event exploring architectural fictions and allegories. From the surrealist references in early OMA Manhattan drawings, to Bernard Tschumi’s 'Advertisements for Architecture' and the science fiction landscapes in the work of Lebbeus Woods, architects have used this approach to reveal the contradictory nature of the world and to question reality itself. This event brought together different practitioners whose work is imbued with poetry, art and symbolic meaning. This event was inspired by the fictional landscapes in our Dalí / Duchamp exhibition. Lees meer
Speakers:
Sam Jacob – architect, columnist, design critic; principal of Sam Jacob Studio
Neil Spiller – founding Director of the AVATAR Group; the Hawksmoor Chair of Architecture and Landscape and Deputy Pro Vice-Chancellor of the University of Greenwich, London; author of Surrealism and Architecture – A Blistering Romance
Peter Wilson – architect; co-founder and director of Bolles+Wilson
Niall Hobhouse – art collector, writer, trustee of Drawing Matter -
International Architects Series: Barozzi Veiga
21 november 2017 · 1 uur 2 min
Hear from celebrated Spanish-Italian architects Barozzi Veiga as they discuss some of their recent projects. Known for its sophisticated, sensitive approach and spatial quietude, the practice has won numerous national and international competitions. In 2015, they were shortlisted for the project to redevelop King’s College’s Strand site in London. Lees meer
-
The erotic dimension of architecture
21 november 2017 · 1 uur 32 min
In this discussion, we explore how sensuality, sexuality and voyeurism have been a source of inspiration in architecture – from tactile, sensual interiors to sinuous shapes of buildings. Lees meer
Our panel:
Nigel Coates – architect and designer; author of 'Ecstacity at the Architecture Association' (1992), 'Mixtacity' at Tate Modern (2007), 'Hypnerotosphere' at the 2008 Venice Architecture Biennale, and 'Picaresque' at the Triennale Design Museum (2012)
Rosa Ferré – Head of Exhibitions, CCCB; curator of '1000m2 of Desire'
Penelope Haralambidou – Acting Director, MPhil/PhD Architectural Design at The Bartlett School of Architecture; author of 'Marcel Duchamp and the Architecture of Desire'
Gonzalo Herrero Delicado (chair) – Architecture Programme Curator at the RA -
How much context and knowledge do you need to enjoy art?
21 november 2017 · 1 uur 24 min
Taking our current Jasper Johns exhibition as a starting point, this discussion explores the question of how we view and interpret art more widely. Where a work of art has a narrative, would our experience of it be enhanced by having more knowledge, or are our senses enough? Where art is explained, who is the author of that interpretation and how are they directing us in how we view art? Is it the role of the artist to explain their work? Lees meer
Our panel:
Cathie Pilkington, artist
Gill Hart, Head of Education at the National Gallery
Kirsteen McSwein, Curator, Interpretation at Tate
(chair) Dr David Dibosa, reader in Museology at UAL -
What is a home without a house?
26 oktober 2017 · 1 uur 30 min
In this panel discussion we explore how the concept of home and domesticity is becoming disconnected from the traditional understanding of a house. Lees meer
How has the meaning of home changed in today’s mobile society? What constitutes home for those who have had to forcedly abandon or voluntarily leave their houses? Are temporary structures an appropriate architectural response? And how is domesticity determined by temporality, sensory experience, personal affection, collective memory, and social networks?
Speakers:
Robert Mull – Head of the School of Architecture and Design at the University of Brighton; curator of multiple shows on the Calais Jungle
Mike Seal – Reader in Critical Pedagogy, Newman University, Birmingham; editor of 'Understanding and Responding to Homeless Experiences, Identities and Cultures'
Helen Taylor – writer, researcher and lecturer on refugees and migration; author of 'Refugees and the Meaning of Home: Cypriot Narratives of Loss, Longing and Daily Life in London'
Victor Buchli (chair) – Professor of Material Culture, UCL; author of 'An Archaeology of the Immaterial'; editor of 'Home Cultures' -
An introduction to the wildlife art of Charles Tunnicliffe
26 oktober 2017 · 1 uur 5 min
Professor Robert Meyrick, Head of the School of Art at Aberystwyth University, introduces our exhibition on the work of Charles Tunnicliffe, Britain’s foremost 20th-century wildlife artist. Lees meer
Please note this exhibition has now ended, but you can see more about the show and Charles Tunnicliffe here: roy.ac/tunnicliffe
-
A discussion on cultural appropriation in the arts
26 oktober 2017 · 1 uur 19 min
Artists Yinka Shonibare RA and WESSIELING join ‘Matisse in the Studio’ co-curator Ellen McBreen to examine the ethical and artistic considerations of cultural appropriation within the arts, in a discussion chaired by writer and broadcaster Bidisha.
-
Matisse's portraits: a talk with co-curator Ellen McBreen
26 oktober 2017 · 43 min
“A portrait,” Matisse said, “is a quarrel.” Lees meer
His long, laborious studio sessions were intense sites of contestation between physical resemblance and what Matisse understood to be the more lasting, essential character of the person he was portraying. Such sessions frequently resulted in portraits that did not please their subjects.
Art historian and co-curator of 'Matisse in the Studio', Ellen McBreen explores how specific objects from the artist's personal collection – a Yoruba mask, a Buddha bust, and a medieval head – provided alternative models for the visual expression of individuality and identity.
roy.ac/matisse
-
An introduction to our Dalí / Duchamp exhibition with co-curator Dawn Ades
26 oktober 2017 · 59 min
Independent art historian and exhibition co-curator Professor Dawn Ades introduces our exhibition, exploring Dalí and Duchamp's unexpected friendship and their shared interests and attitudes to art and life.
-
Aino Aalto: forgotten master of architecture
26 oktober 2017 · 1 uur 25 min
Named by some as one of the greatest omissions of design history, Aino Marsio-Aalto belongs to a line of women architects whose work has become overshadowed by that of their better-known male partners. Our panel discuss her often overlooked contribution to Nordic Modernist architecture. Lees meer
On the panel:
Summer Islam – architect working for 6a architects; graduated from the Architectural Association; teaches a design studio for the MA in Architecture at the London Metropolitan University
Aino Niskanen – Professor of History of Architecture, Aalto University, Finland
Judi Loach – architectural and cultural historian, Professor in Early Modern and Modern European Cultural History, Cardiff University; Chair of Docomomo UK -
Domestic desires: how has modern media shaped our homes?
26 oktober 2017 · 1 uur 33 min
From Elle Décor to Changing Rooms and Pinterest, the often consumerist agendas of trade shows, television, advertising and social media have always shaped our domestic spaces. Lees meer
This panel is Deborah Chambers – Professor of Media and Cultural Studies at Newcastle University, Emily Rees – PhD student studying the television set in postwar Britain, Deborah Sugg Ryan – Professor of Design History and Theory, University of Portsmouth, and Penny Sparke – Director of Kingston University's Modern Interiors Research Centre.
-
Painters Brice Marden and Gary Hume in conversation
26 oktober 2017 · 1 uur 6 min
The two major artists discuss their approach to painting, their inspiration and the continuing evolution of their work, in a conversation chaired by our Artistic Director, Tim Marlow.
-
Introduction to Jasper Johns: ‘Something Resembling Truth’
10 oktober 2017 · 56 min
Edith Devaney, co-curator of Jasper Johns: ‘Something Resembling Truth’ introduces the exhibition and highlights how Johns's work can awaken the senses and reveal new ways of seeing art. Lees meer
roy.ac/jasperjohns
-
Artwork in focus: The Seasons by Jasper Johns
10 oktober 2017 · 1 uur
The four paintings known collectively as The Seasons (1985-86) stand at the mid-point of Jasper Johns’s 60-year career, presenting a retrospective of Johns’s artistic and personal life. The paintings are among his most revealing works, serving as an allegory of the four seasons of the year and the four stages of Johns's life. Roberta Bernstein, co-curator of the RA's current Jasper Johns exhibition, tells us more. Lees meer
roy.ac/jasperjohns
-
How can performance art be collected, preserved, displayed and sold?
21 augustus 2017 · 1 uur 10 min
Artists Brian Catling RA and Pablo Bronstein join Tate Senior Curator Catherine Wood and Dr Jen Harvie to explore the evolution of performance art in museums and its entrance into the contemporary art market.
-
Daniel Buren's new installation at Tottenham Court Road station
21 augustus 2017 · 1 uur 6 min
Have you seen the monochrome stripes and brightly coloured shapes of Daniel Buren's 'Diamonds and Circles, works in situ', at Tottenham Court Road station? Here, the artist discusses his practice and the significance of intervening in public space with the RA's Artistic Director, Tim Marlow. Lees meer
-
How do art and architecture shape the politics of memory around conflict?
24 juli 2017 · 1 uur 14 min
Artist Miroslaw Balka and architectural historian Joseph Rykwert discuss the concepts of memory and conflict, and how these are explored in contemporary art and architecture from UK to Poland – the birthplace of both speakers. Lees meer
Conflict leaves a mark upon cities, societies and culture that endures not only in the sensibilities of the generations living it, but also in the identities of those that follow. In the aftermath, memories of conflict continue to have great impact, frequently creating greater political awareness and engagement. Culture reflects the values of a society and conflict has historically had a strong influence on art and architecture. In fact, it can often be the motivation behind speculative new ideas, while also providing a platform for reflection, recalling history and leaving a legacy to future generations. Architecture and art have played an important role in shaping the politics of memory around violent conflicts, defining the way they are later remembered.
This talk follows on from an earlier conversation between both speakers, which can be watched here: roy.ac/2usZi2Z
-
Pin Drop Short Story Award with Penelope Wilton
24 juli 2017 · 50 min
Hear Cherise Saywell's winning story read aloud to a live audience by actress Dame Penelope Wilton, followed by a discussion of the work with the author. Lees meer
The RA and Pin Drop’s short story award offers a unique platform for emerging and established writers to showcase their short stories. The judging panel includes Pin Drop co-founders Elizabeth Day and Simon Oldfield, and the RA’s Artistic Director, Tim Marlow.
-
Exploring London's identity as a global city today
17 juli 2017 · 1 uur 29 min
Like many of its counterparts, London is in a continuous cycle of change. The economic interests of financial corporations, the growth of the tourist industry, migration and the consequences of Brexit all have an impact on London’s urban environment and thus its identity. In this context, architecture becomes an important currency for maintaining London’s profile as a global capital. How then is the architectural language of London evolving? What makes its architecture distinctive from Shanghai, New York, Dubai and other global capitals? Is the identity of London under threat as a result of globalisation? What does all this mean for its citizens? Lees meer
-
How can art define a sense of national identity?
17 juli 2017 · 1 uur 7 min
In the midst of Brexit and in an age of political upheaval in the UK and abroad, how are ideas about national identity portrayed through art? How can art and spaces for art can define national identity? What is the role of the wider art community in defining national identity? Lees meer
Our discussion begins post-Wall Street Crash with the government's Works Progress Administration (WPA) programme, which aimed to generate art that re-examined American culture and values and define a new national identity. Using this as a catalyst for our conversation, we refocus our discussion on the contemporary UK art world, looking at how artists today are responding to times of national crisis. What is the role of the art community in forming ideas around what it means to be British today?
-
Owen Hopkins discusses his book 'Lost Futures: The Disappearing Architecture of Post-War Britain'
17 juli 2017 · 1 uur 6 min
Author Owen Hopkins discusses his latest book with ‘Icon’ editor John Jervis. Lees meer
'Lost Futures: The Disappearing Architecture of Post-War Britain explores the rise and fall of buildings constructed in Britain between 1945 and 1979 that reflected the deep-rooted belief in architecture’s capacity to build a better world. The book highlights the ideas and values that shaped these buildings’ creation – and how changing external contexts, whether social, economic or political, as well as the buildings’ own internal characteristics, played a part in the subsequent demise and destruction of these "concrete monstrosities".